共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
When we see another person look somewhere, we automatically attend to the same location in space. Thisjoint attention emerges early in life and has a great impact on social interactions in development and in everyday adult life. The direction
of another’s gaze indicates what object is of current interest, which may be the target for a subsequent action. In this study,
we found that objects that are looked at by other people are liked more than objects that do not receive the attention of
other people (Experiment 1). This suggests that observing averted gaze can have an impact on the affective appraisals of objects
in the environment. This liking effect was absent when an arrow was used to cue attention (Experiment 2). This underlines
the importance of other people’s interactions with objects for generating our own impressions of such stimuli in the world. 相似文献
2.
van Oudheusden M 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(4):673-690
This article draws attention to struggles inherent in discourse about the meaning of participation in a Flemish participatory
technology assessment (pTA) on nanotechnologies. It explores how, at the project’s outset, key actors (e.g., nanotechnologists
and pTA researchers) frame elements of the process like ‘the public’ and draw on interpretive repertoires to fit their perspective.
The examples call into question normative commitments to cooperation, consensus building, and common action that conventionally
guide pTA approaches. It is argued that pTA itself must reflect an awareness of competing interests and perspectives inherent
in the discourse associated with the meaning of ‘participation’ if it is to incite action beyond vested interests and ensure
genuine mutual learning. 相似文献
3.
This article describes a methodology for the capture and analysis of hybrid data. A case study in the field of reasoning with
multiple representations—specifically, in computer programming—is presented to exemplify the use of the methodology. The hybrid
data considered comprise computer interaction logs, audio recordings, and data about visual attention focus. The capture of
the focus of visual attention data is performed with software. The software employed tracks the user’s visual attention by
blurring parts of the stimuli presented on the screen and allowing the participant to see only a small region of it at any
one time. These hybrid data are analyzed via a methodology that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. The article
describes the software tool employed and the analytic methodology, and also discusses data capture issues and limitations
of the approach. 相似文献
4.
We contrasted effects of the action relationship between objects, relative to effects of semantic relation and familiarity
of spatial location, in a patient with Balint’s syndrome. We found enhanced perceptual report of objects placed in the correct
colocations for action in comparison with when the objects (1) were placed in incorrect locations for action (Experiment 1),
(2) were associatively related (Experiment 2), or (3) fell in familiar locations but were not action related (Experiment 4).
In contrast, the ability to localize the objects was affected by whether the objects were in familiar as opposed to unfamiliar
locations with respect to one another. Action relations between objects facilitate joint attention to both objects but do
not facilitate binding to location. Familiar spatial relations facilitate spatial binding, but do not cue joint attention
to the stimuli. Effects of action relation on attention and localization can be dissociated from effects of semantic relationship
and familiarity of spatial location on attention and localization. 相似文献
5.
In three spatial precuing experiments, we demonstrate attentional capture by an intersection that occurs (1) between two lines
that are not part of an enclosed object, and (2) between a line in the cuing array that is not physically present during target
search and the invisible circumference of a perceptual circle formed by the elements in the target array. This capture effect
conceptually replicates Cole, Gellatly, and Blurton’s (2001)corner enhancement effect, in which responses are faster for targets presented near an object’s corners rather than along its straight edges. However,
it extends that effect by showing that it occurs even when the intersection is not part of an enclosed object and is not physically
present during target search. More important, our capture effect occurred even though the target’s position was not designated
by a perceptually distinctive feature and was not predicted by the intersection’s position. Thus, it seems that a line intersection—whether
it be real or imaginary—automatically captures visual—spatial attention, contrary to Folk, Remington, and Johnston’s (1992)
and Gibson and Kelsey’s (1998) views that such an involuntary capture of spatial attention is contingent on attentional control
settings. 相似文献
6.
Interaction with others over objects has until recently been thought lacking in the social play of non-human great apes, in
contrast to that of children; even now, only bonobos have been observed to engage in social play involving objects. Human
children’s triadic interactions with objects involve joint attention, showing and giving, communication that maintains interaction,
and sharing of emotions and experiences. We question assertions that chimpanzees, and non-human great apes in general, lack
the key characteristics of children’s collaborative play. Here, we show that zoo gorillas play games that are both triadic
and collaborative. These games were videotaped at the San Francisco Zoo in five different years and involved five different
pairings of gorillas. The context was in most cases playfully competitive, involving objects such as balls, bags and leather
pieces as foci of joint attention; the ostensible goal in most games was to gain or keep possession of a particular object.
In some episodes, roles as possessor or pursuer of an object were exchanged many times; in others, one gorilla retained possession
of an object but encouraged pursuit from a partner. Through gaze and gesture, gorillas invited others to: share interest in
and attention to objects; share patterns of play; and re-engage after breaks in play. Sometimes, gorillas would assist others
in their efforts to engage in collaborative play: older gorillas encouraged younger partners by ‘self-handicapping’ their
own actions. Collaborative games may occur later in the ontogeny of gorillas than in humans, and depend on the challenges
and artifacts available in a particular group’s habitat. 相似文献
7.
Bart Streumer 《Philosophical Studies》2010,151(1):79-86
Ulrike Heuer argues that there can be a reason for a person to perform an action that this person cannot perform, as long
as this person can take efficient steps towards performing this action. In this reply, I first argue that Heuer’s examples
fail to undermine my claim that there cannot be a reason for a person to perform an action if it is impossible that this person
will perform this action. I then argue that, on a plausible interpretation of what ‘efficient steps’ are, Heuer’s claim is
consistent with my claim. I end by showing that Heuer fails to undermine the arguments I gave for my claim. 相似文献
8.
This study aims at discovering the essential constituents involved in the experiences of guilt and shame. Guilt concerns a
subject’s action or omission of action and has a clear temporal unfolding entailing a moment in which the subject lives in
a care-free way. Afterwards, this moment undergoes a reconstruction, in the moment of guilt, which constitutes the moment
of negligence. The reconstruction is a comprehensive transformation of one’s attitude with respect to one’s ego; one’s action;
the object of guilt and the temporal-existential experience. The main constituents concerning shame are its anchorage in the
situation to which it refers; its public side involving the experience of being perceptually objectified; the exclusion of
social community; the bodily experience; the revelation of an undesired self; and the genesis of shame in terms of a history
of frozen now-ness. The article ends with a comparison between guilt and shame. 相似文献
9.
Terry Eskenazi Marc Grosjean Glyn W. Humphreys Guenther Knoblich 《Psychological research》2009,73(4):477-485
Research on embodied cognition stresses that bodily and motor processes constrain how we perceive others. Regarding action
perception the most prominent hypothesis is that observed actions are matched to the observer’s own motor representations.
Previous findings demonstrate that the motor laws that constrain one’s performance also constrain one’s perception of others’
actions. The present neuropsychological case study asked whether neurological impairments affect a person’s performance and
action perception in the same way. The results showed that patient DS, who suffers from a frontal brain lesion, not only ignored
target size when performing movements but also when asked to judge whether others can perform the same movements. In other
words DS showed the same violation of Fitts’s law when performing and observing actions. These results further support the
assumption of close perception action links and the assumption that these links recruit predictive mechanisms residing in
the motor system. 相似文献
10.
Ben Kotzee 《Argumentation》2010,24(3):265-281
In this paper, a challenge is outlined for Walton’s recent analysis of the fallacy of poisoning the well. An example of the
fallacy in action during a debate on affirmative action on a South African campus is taken to raise the question of how Walton’s
analysis squares with the idea that disadvantaged parties in debates about race may be “epistemically privileged”. It is asked
when the background of a participant is relevant to a debate and it is proposed that a proper analysis of the poisoning the
well will outline conditions under which making one participant’s background an issue in a debate would be legitimate and
illegitimate. Expanding Walton’s analysis to deal with the challenge, it is concluded that calling into question a participant’s
suitability to take part in a debate is never legitimate when it is based simply on a broad fact about their background (like
their race or gender). 相似文献
11.
Rémi L. Capa Peter J. Marshall Thomas F. Shipley Robin N. Salesse Cédric A. Bouquet 《Psychological research》2011,75(2):152-157
Action perception may involve a mirror-matching system, such that observed actions are mapped onto the observer’s own motor
representations. The strength of such mirror system activation should depend on an individual’s experience with the observed
action. The motor interference effect, where an observed action interferes with a concurrently executed incongruent action,
is thought to arise from mirror system activation. However, this view was recently challenged. If motor interference arises
from mirror system activation, this effect should be sensitive to prior sensorimotor experience with the observed action.
To test this prediction, we measured motor interference in two groups of participants observing the same incongruent movements.
One group had received brief visuo-motor practice with the observed incongruent action, but not the other group. Action observation
induced a larger motor interference in participants who had practiced the observed action. This result thus supports a mirror
system account of motor interference. 相似文献
12.
Matt Stichter 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2011,14(1):73-86
According to Rosalind Hursthouse’s virtue based account of right action, an act is right if it is what a fully virtuous person
would do in that situation. Robert Johnson has criticized the account on the grounds that the actions a non-virtuous person
should take are often uncharacteristic of the virtuous person, and thus Hursthouse’s account of right action is too narrow.
The non-virtuous need to take steps to improve themselves morally, and the fully virtuous person need not take these steps.
So Johnson argues that any virtue based account of right action will have to find a way to ground a moral obligation to improve
oneself. This paper argues that there is an account of virtue that can offer a partial solution to Johnson’s challenge, an
account where virtue is a type of practical skill and in which the virtuous person is seen as having expertise. The paper
references the account of skill acquisition developed by Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus. Their research demonstrates that novices
in a skill have to employ different strategies to act well than the strategies used by the experts, and so the ‘virtue as
skill’ thesis provides support for Johnson’s claim that the actions of the non-virtuous will differ from the virtuous. On
the other hand, their research suggests that there is no separating the commitment to improve yourself from the possession
of expertise, and so the ‘virtue as skill’ thesis has the resources for grounding the obligation to improve oneself in an
account of virtue. 相似文献
13.
This study focuses on how the emergence of innovative moments (IMs), which are exceptions to a person’s dominant self-narrative (i.e., his or her usual way of understanding and experiencing),
progresses to the construction of a new self-narrative. IMs challenge a person’s current framework of understanding and experiencing,
generating uncertainty. When uncertainty is excessively threatening, a semiotic strategy to deal with it often emerges: attenuation
of novelty’s meanings and implications by a quick return to the dominant self-narrative. From a dialogical perspective, a
dominant voice (which organizes one’s current self-narrative) and a non-dominant or innovative voice (expressed during IMs)
establish a cyclical relation, mutual in-feeding, blocking self-development. In this article, we analyze a successful psychotherapeutic case focusing on how the relation
between dominant and non-dominant voices evolves from mutual in-feeding to other forms of dialogical relation. We have identified
two processes: (1) escalation of the innovative voice(s) thereby inhibiting the dominant voice and (2) dominant and innovative
voices negotiating and engaging in joint action. 相似文献
14.
Liisa Steinby 《Studies in East European Thought》2011,63(3):227-249
In this article, Bakhtin’s early aesthetics is reread in the context of Hermann Cohen’s system of philosophy, especially his
aesthetics. Bakhtin’s thinking from the early ethical writing Toward a Philosophy of Act to Author and Hero in Artistic Activity and Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics is followed. In Author and Hero, an individual is in his life conceived as involved in cognitive and ethical action but as remaining without a consummative
form; the form, or the ‘soul’, is bestowed upon a person by the creative activity of the artist alone. In his understanding
of artistic creativity and the relationship between the ‘hero’ and the author, Bakhtin closely follows Cohen, with the exception
that for Cohen the object of artistic form-giving is the universal, idealized man, whereas for Bakhtin it is an individual.
In the concept of a ‘polyphonic novel’ as developed in Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, Bakhtin, however, considers this view of the activity of the artist (or the novelist) to apply to the “traditional” novel
only, while in a Dostoevskyean novel the characters are not subordinated to any defining power of the author. Bakhtin’s theory
of the Dostoevskyean novel is thus a return to the emphasis of the cognitive and ethical autonomy of the individual. His understanding
of the encounter between persons as a ‘subject’—‘subject’ or an ‘I’—‘thou’ relation has a predecessor, among others, in Cohen. 相似文献
15.
Michelle Ciurria 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2012,15(2):259-269
In A New Form of Agent-Based Virtue Ethics, Daniel Doviak develops a novel agent-based theory of right action that treats the rightness (or deontic status) of an action
as a matter of the action’s net intrinsic virtue value (net-IVV)—that is, its balance of virtue over vice. This view is designed
to accommodate three basic tenets of commonsense morality: (i) the maxim that “ought” implies “can,” (ii) the idea that a
person can do the right thing for the wrong reason, and (iii) the idea that a virtuous person can have “mixed motives.” In
this paper, I argue that Doviak’s account makes an important contribution to agent-based virtue ethics, but it needs to be
supplemented with a consequentialist account of the efficacy of well-motivated actions—that is, it should be transformed into a mixed (motives-consequences) account, while retaining
its net-IVV calculus. This is because I believe that there are right-making properties external to an agent’s psychology which it is important to take into account, especially when an agent’s actions negatively affect
other people. To incorporate this intuition, I add to Doviak’s net-IVV calculus a scale for outcomes. The result is a mixed view which accommodates tenets (ii) and (iii) above, but allows for (i) to fail in certain cases.
I argue that, rather than being a defect, this allowance is an asset because our intuitions about ought-implies-can break
down in cases where an agent is grossly misguided, and our theory should track these intuitions. 相似文献
16.
Jan-Willem van der Rijt 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2011,14(5):549-567
Coercion is by its very nature hostile to the individual subjected to it. At the same time, it often is a necessary evil:
political life cannot function without at least some instances of coercion. Hence, it is not surprising that coercion has
been the topic of heated philosophical debate for many decades. Though numerous accounts have been put forth in the literature,
relatively little attention has been paid to the question what exactly being subjected to coercion does to an individual that
makes it so hostile to his person. This paper develops an analysis of the subjective aspect of coercion whereby this hostility
is explained. It is argued that coercion is not just a matter of interference with one’s agency, but also affects one’s morality.
Because coercion is a form of subjugation it does more than merely limit one’s freedom, it constitutes an affront to one’s
dignity as well. A new account of coercion is developed that pays particular attention to the subjectivity inherent in coercion.
This account takes a middle ground in the ongoing debate between advocates of moralised and non-moralised conceptualisations
of coercion. The paper closes by applying this account to two prominent issues in the literature on coercion: the use of coercion
claims in attempts to avoid being held responsible for one’s actions, and the coerciveness of the law. 相似文献
17.
Viki Sonntag 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(4):325-339
In the early 1990s, community indicators gained currency as a principal means of turning visions of sustainability into action.
In the intervening years, indicator projects have been launched by communities the world over to guide and measure progress
towards sustainability, but their effectiveness in serving this purpose has also been questioned. These critiques have focused
attention on how information is organized within indicator systems in addition to the content and quality of the information
itself. This case study draws on the work of Sustainable Seattle, an early pioneer in developing community indicators through
participatory processes, to create a next-generation sustainability indicators system, the B-Sustainable Information Commons.
The study aims to make the framework’s design explicit according to its purposes by reflexively analyzing the design in relation
to the theory and practice of framework development. The framework’s most ambitious goal is to stimulate “information flows”
that will lead to collective understandings of emerging sustainability patterns. 相似文献
18.
Summary This paper discusses an argument for scientific realism put forward by Anthony Quinton in The Nature of Things. The argument – here called the controlled continuity argument – seems to have received no attention in the literature, apparently because it may easily be mistaken for a better-known argument, Grover Maxwell’s “argument from the continuum”. It is argued here that, in point of fact, the two are quite distinct and that Quinton’s argument has several advantages over Maxwell’s. The controlled continuity argument is also compared to Ian Hacking’s “argument from coincidence”. It is pointed out that both arguments are to a large extent independent from considerations about high-level scientific theories, and that both are abductive arguments at the core. But these similarities do not dilute an important difference related to the fact that Quinton’s argument cleverly seeks to anchor belief in unobservable entities in realism about ordinary objects, which is a position shared by most contemporary scientific anti-realists. 相似文献
19.
Briand (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 24:1243–1256, 1998) and Briand and Klein (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 13:228–241, 1987) demonstrated that spatial cueing effects are larger for detecting conjunction of features than for detecting simple features
when spatial attention is oriented exogenously, and not when attention is oriented endogenously. Their results were interpreted
as if only exogenous attention affects the posterior spatial attention system that performs the feature binding function attributed
to spatial attention by Treisman’s feature integration theory (FIT; 1980). In a series of 6 experiments, we attempted to replicate
Briand’s findings. Manipulations of distractor string size and symmetry of stimulus presentation left and right from fixation
were implemented in Posner’s cueing paradigm. The data indicate that both exogenous and endogenous cueing address the same
attentional mechanism needed for feature binding. The results also limit the generalisability of Briand’s proposal concerning
the role of exogenous attention in feature integration. Furthermore, the importance to control the effect of unintended attentional
capture in a cueing task is demonstrated. 相似文献
20.
Itay Snir 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(3):407-437
This article offers a new interpretation of Adorno’s “new categorical imperative”: it suggests that the new imperative is
an important element of Adorno’s moral philosophy and at the same time runs counter to some of its essential features. It
is suggested that Adorno’s moral philosophy leads to two aporiae, which create an impasse that the new categorical imperative
attempts to circumvent. The first aporia results from the tension between Adorno’s acknowledgement that praxis is an essential
part of moral philosophy, and his view according to which existing social conditions make it impossible for moral knowledge
to be translated into “right” action. The second aporia results from the tension between the uncompromising sensitivity to
suffering that underlies Adorno’s moral thought, and his analysis of the culture industry mechanisms which turn people into
happy, satisfied customers—an incompatibility which threatens to pull the rug out from under Adorno’s moral philosophy. My
interpretation of the “new categorical imperative” focuses on two characteristics it inherits from the “old,” Kantian one—self-evidence
and unconditionality—in order to present the new imperative as a response to these two aporiae. 相似文献