从惊恐障碍看生物心理社会医学模式的必要性和紧迫性

归属于精神医学研究范畴的惊恐障碍患者反复就诊于综合医院内科,频繁使用急救医疗服务,是误诊率最高的疾病之一.本文探讨了惊恐障碍患者去综合医院就诊的必然性和误诊误治的原因及危害性,提出了综合医院医师掌握该病诊治方法,由生物医学模式向生物心理社会医学模式转变的必要性和紧迫性.     

用生物心理社会医学模式指导疾病的诊治

惊恐障碍作为一种精神科疾病,由于伴有明显的躯体化症状,使大多患者首诊于综合医院非精神科,极易引起该病的误诊误治,同时也浪费了大量的卫生资源。针对这一情况,本期“临床决策研究”栏目中熊新英撰写的“从惊恐障碍看生物心理社会医学模式的必要性和紧迫性”,对于惊恐障碍就诊于综合医院误诊率高的原因及高误诊率导致的后果进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策。作者认为,惊恐障碍属于精神医学范畴,但由于此病患者多突然出现躯体化症状,使患者多到综合医院就诊,     

综合医院惊恐障碍高误诊率引发的思考

惊恐障碍是一种急性焦虑障碍,属精神医学研究范畴。但惊恐障碍患者却反复在综合性医院就诊。目前国内综合医院尤其是基层综合医院普遍未设置精神科,非专科医生对惊恐障碍的识别率又非常低,误诊率甚至高达100%。作者就综合医院惊恐障碍高误诊率的原因、对策、展望与期待、较为理想的就医途径和治疗方法做一探讨。     

综合医院惊恐障碍高误诊率引发的思考

惊恐障碍是一种急性焦虑障碍,属精神医学研究范畴.但惊恐障碍患者却反复在综合性医院就诊.目前国内综合医院尤其是基层综合医院普遍未设置精神科,非专科医生对惊恐障碍的识别率又非常低,误诊率甚至高达100%.作者就综合医院惊恐障碍高误诊率的原因、对策、展望与期待、较为理想的就医途径和治疗方法做一探讨.     

用生物心理社会医学模式指导疾病的诊治

惊恐障碍作为一种精神科疾病,由于伴有明显的躯体化症状,使大多患者首诊于综合医院非精神科,极易引起该病的误诊误治,同时也浪费了大量的卫生资源.针对这一情况,本期"临床决策研究"栏目中熊新英撰写的"从惊恐障碍看生物心理社会医学模式的必要性和紧迫性",对于惊恐障碍就诊于综合医院误诊率高的原因及高误诊率导致的后果进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策.     

惊恐障碍药物心理干预的临床动态研究

惊恐障碍（panic disorder,PD）是综合医院常见的一种急性焦虑障碍,严重地影响患者的精神心理健康、社会功能和生活质量,并造成医疗资源的极大浪费。本研究通过动态比较药物与药物加心理治疗的疗效,为更合理的对惊恐障碍进行临床干预提供了一定决策依据。     

惊恐障碍药物心理干预的临床动态研究

惊恐障碍(panic disorder,PD)是综合医院常见的一种急性焦虑障碍,严重地影响患者的精神心理健康、社会功能和生活质量,并造成医疗资源的极大浪费.本研究通过动态比较药物与药物加心理治疗的疗效,为更合理的对惊恐障碍进行临床干预提供了一定决策依据.     

惊恐障碍的认知偏向研究

文章综述了惊恐障碍患者对威胁性信息的注意偏向、解释偏向、记忆偏向等认知偏向。对威胁性信息的优先注意激发焦虑体验,对模糊信息的灾难化解释增加焦虑水平,对引起焦虑感信息的记忆保持促使惊恐体验更易于提取,这3种认知偏向促使具有焦虑倾向的个体对惊恐障碍更易感,也是惊恐障碍形成和保持的关键因素     

综合医院精神卫生实践方法之UPSCALE查房模型

综合医院精神卫生服务需求非常之高,门诊常见有躯体疾病合并精神心理问题或以躯体症状就诊的心理生理障碍患者。医学分科导致的医学学科割裂正使得各学科在独立处理这些患者时都面临困难。北京协和医院心理医学科魏镜医生探索建立的多学科的、生物心理社会医学模式为理念的、基于以患者为中心的医患关系和访谈模式的UPSCALE查房模型设计用于从形式到内容上都整合地去面对患者这个人和患者的症状,以有效地建立医患关系、实现对患者的有效治疗。其已在临床上显示有效性和可操作性。     

教会的关怀事工——认识焦虑情绪

正焦虑症(又称焦虑障碍)是一类高发的精神心理障碍,包括广泛性焦虑、社交恐惧症、特定焦虑症、惊恐症、强迫症、创伤后应激障碍、饮食失调症(厌食或暴食行为)。一项研究结果显示,到医院的就诊患者中,有20%的患者至少患有一种焦虑障碍,其中广泛性焦虑占7.6%,惊恐发作占6.8%,社交恐惧症占6.2%,创伤后应激障碍占8.6%,并且近半数的焦虑障碍患者没有接受过抗焦虑治疗。     

Panic disorder in the families of patients with normal coronary arteries and non-fear panic disorder.

Patients with non-fear panic disorder (NFPD) meet DSM-III-R criteria for panic disorder, but do not report subjective fear or anxiety. Although apparently common in medical settings, this controversial group is in need of further diagnostic validation. This study assessed family history of panic disorder in patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteries (CP/NCA) and either NFPD, panic disorder with fear, or no panic. It was hypothesized that the two panic disorder groups would have similar, elevated rates of panic disorder in their first-degree relatives, compared to patients without panic. The results support the hypothesis; about 17% of the first-degree relatives of both NFPD and panic disorder patients were diagnosable with panic disorder according to proband interviews, whereas only 4.6% of the first-degree relatives of patients without panic were so diagnosable. These results support the diagnostic validity of NFPD in CP/NCA patients, because such patients had a family history of panic disorder similar to patients with a more classical panic disorder presentation. The lack of fear symptoms and behavior in NFPD may cause panic disorder to be overlooked as a potential cause of somatic symptoms in patients with no medical explanation for their condition.     

A New CBT Model of Panic Attack Treatment in Comorbid Heart Diseases (PATCHD): How to Calm an Anxious Heart and Mind

Treating anxiety comorbid with heart disease is challenging due to (a) diagnostic overlap between anxiety and heart disease, (b) the high risk associated with ignoring chest pain symptoms and delaying seeking medical attention, (c) that cognitive-behavioral therapy based on catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily symptoms requires adaption to incorporate the element of risk, and (d) that certain interoceptive symptom induction experiments may be harmful and are therefore fraught with liability. We describe Panic Attack Treatment in Comorbid Heart Diseases (PATCHD) that is based on enhancing coping skills, performing safe interoceptive exposures and supervised exercise, and countering avoidance to reduce panic attack frequency. Pre- and posttreatment data from 18 patients shows a significant reduction in cardiovascular hospital admissions and length of stay, panic attacks, general anxiety, and depression (all p < .05). Because of the complex nature of panic disorder comorbid with heart disease, health professionals should familiarize themselves with several necessary CBT adaptions.     

Translating Empirically Supported Strategies Into Accessible Interventions: The Potential Utility of Exercise for the Treatment of Panic Disorder

Many patients suffering from panic disorder do not receive adequate care. Advances in the conceptualization and treatment of panic disorder encourage innovative strategies for targeting core fears (fears of anxiety sensations) that underlie this disorder. In this article, we discuss the use of exercise as a potential strategy for therapeutic exposure to these feared sensations, and the role that exercise may play as an acceptable intervention to aid the dissemination of exposure-based approaches to the treatment of panic disorder. Evidence for the efficacy of exercise for the treatment of anxiety and panic is presented; along with strategies to enhance the role exercise can play as an interoceptive (internal sensation) exposure procedure. Finally, issues of comorbidity and exercise acceptability are discussed. Our conclusion is that exercise-based interventions are promising strategies for improving the utilization of exposure-based interventions for panic disorder. Clinical guidelines and future research directions are discussed.     

Cognitive-behavioural interventions in a patient with an anxiety disorder related to diabetes

This study extends the data on the efficacy of cognitive interventions for patients with chronic medical problems and describes the case of a 37-year-old woman with an anxiety disorder related to diabetes. The effects on panic frequency, use of safety behaviour and related beliefs were investigated after the introduction of two main cognitive-behavioral interventions. The results are consistent with predictions from the cognitive model of panic. This case demonstrates the usefulness of directly challenging the 'meaning' of the feared situation in order to produce clinically significant improvements in the management of physical disease.     

Cognitive factors in panic disorder, agoraphobic avoidance and agoraphobia

There remains a lack of consensus regarding the possibility that especially high levels of panic-related cognitions characterise panic disorder with agoraphobia. We administered the Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire and the Anxious Thoughts and Tendencies Scale as well as measures of agoraphobic avoidance to patients diagnosed with panic disorder with agoraphobia (n=75) and without agoraphobia (n=26). Patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia did not score significantly higher on any of the cognitive variables than did panic disorder patients without agoraphobia. However, most of the cognitive variables showed small to moderate-strength correlations with self-report measures of agoraphobic avoidance. Our findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity, catastrophising of the consequences of panic and a general anxiety-prone cognitive style, although to some extent associated with agoraphobic avoidance, do not discriminate panic disorder with agoraphobia from panic disorder without agoraphobia.     

Panic disorder and depression: A psychodynamic exploration of comorbidity

Eight of twenty-one patients presenting for treatment in an open trial of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy for panic disorder also carried the diagnosis of major depression. For the patients who completed the study, depression remitted as well as panic disorder. The authors highlight psychodynamic factors that they hypothesize may contribute to the significant overlap between panic disorder and depression, and describe three videotaped cases to illustrate these points.     

The hyperventilation syndrome in panic disorder, agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder

The symptom complex of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder suggests an etiological role for hyperventilation. The present study investigates the overlap between DSM-III-R panic disorder, panic disorder with agoraphobia and generalized anxiety disorder with hyperventilation syndrome (HVS). The anxiety disorder diagnoses were based on a structured interview, and HVS syndrome (HVS). The anxiety disorder diagnoses were based on a structured interview, and HVS determined by the so-called hyperventilation provocation test (a brief period of voluntary hyperventilation with recognition of symptoms). The overlap rates with HVS were: 48% for panic disorder, 83% for panic disorder with agoraphobia and 82% for generalized anxiety disorder. However, a pilot study on transcutaneous monitoring of carbon dioxide tension leads us to question the validity of the voluntary hyperventilation method that we used to determine HVS-status. It is unclear whether hyperventilation plays an important role in panic and general anxiety, as our overlap findings suggest. For patients who recognize the symptoms induced by voluntary hyperventilation, the hyperventilation provocation procedure provides a therapeutic means of exposure to feared bodily sensations.     

Influence of co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and personality disorders on the outcome of cognitive behavioural treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder

This study examined co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder and personality disorders as predictors of treatment outcomes in adult outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The patients received exposure with response prevention (ERP) treatment with the addition of either elements of cognitive therapy (ERP+CT) or relaxation training (ERP+REL). It was hypothesized that the addition of cognitive interventions would yield better treatment outcomes for patients with co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder. It was also hypothesized that patients with any personality disorder would show less treatment gains in both conditions. Using intention-to-treat criteria, patients with generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder co-morbidity showed less treatment gains at post-treatment across both treatment conditions. This group showed significantly more treatment gains in the ERP+CT condition at the post-treatment and the 12-month follow-up assessments compared with patients in the ERP+REL condition. However, this was not significant when comparing treatment completers. Patients with a co-morbid Cluster A or B personality disorder showed significantly less treatment gains in both treatment conditions at the 12-month follow-up assessment. Among treatment completers, patients with a Cluster C personality disorder showed significantly better outcomes at the post-treatment assessment in the ERP+REL treatment condition. These results, clinical implications, and the importance of further investigations are discussed.