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Madeleine A. Fugère Carlos Escoto Alita J. Cousins Matt L. Riggs Paul Haerich 《Sexuality & culture》2008,12(3):169-182
We conducted a review of literature regarding sexual attitudes and double standards, focusing on participant gender and ethnic
background. We found that men had more permissive sexual attitudes than women, and that African Americans had the most permissive
sexual attitudes, followed by White Americans, then by Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. The literature regarding sexual
double standards was mixed; some studies showed evidence of continued sexual double standards and some studies showed the
absence of sexual double standards. In some studies, men were more likely to endorse the sexual double standard than women.
We found only one article addressing sexual double standards using ethnic background as a quasi-independent variable; this
research revealed that non-North American (Russian and Japanese) samples were more likely to endorse the traditional double
standard, that sex is more acceptable for men than for women.
相似文献
Madeleine A. FugèreEmail: |
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This paper presents four studies conducted to develop a measure of parents’ attitudes about gendered behaviors in their children.
Participants were US college students and community residents. It was expected that scores on the measure would distinguish
between parents of sons and daughters, and between parents with traditional and feminist beliefs. To begin, we created a self-report
questionnaire consisting of ratings of 84 gender-related behaviors, characteristics, and educational and occupational aspirations
for children. Based on factor analysis and other analyses of scale scores to refine the measure, our final measure has 28
items on five scales. In keeping with expectations, the five scales consistently differentiated between boys and girls and/or
traditional and feminist parents. 相似文献
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Innovative research is constrained by instruments that assume gender to be captured by dichotomous categories. This article presents the results of two studies that document the psychometric properties of the Social Roles Questionnaire (SRQ), a new measure of gender role attitudes. A social constructivist perspective guided the development of the instrument that was designed not only to capture the diversity in people’s thinking about social roles for men and women, but also to identify attitudes that transcend binary categories. The article details the process of assessing reliability and validity based on data from 414 undergraduates. Findings revealed the SRQ is reliable and valid and that women were more likely than men to endorse egalitarian and gender transcendent beliefs. Additional possible uses of the SRQ are discussed. 相似文献
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Antonia Calvo-Salguero José Miguel Ángel García-Martínez Adelaida Monteoliva 《Sex roles》2008,58(7-8):535-548
This study analyses the masculinity and femininity in a Spanish sample made up of 164 adult workers (88 men and 76 women).
To be specific, the objective was to demonstrate whether age and level of education were related to differences in masculinity
and femininity, both when comparing between the two genders and when the comparisons are made within the same gender. The
results indicated that the two variables predicted differences in women, but not in men. There were only differences between
genders in masculinity and femininity between the ages of 20 and 39, and when the level of education is low. The results appear
to support Hofstede’s hypothesis that there are fewer differences between genders in gender role orientation in feminine countries. 相似文献
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Danielle Shapiro 《Family process》2014,53(1):97-108
Previous research suggests that stepparenting can be stressful, although the mechanisms that contribute to the experience of parenting stress in stepfamilies are less clear. This study examines gender, marital quality, and views about gendered family roles as correlates of parenting stress among 310 stepmothers, stepfathers, and biological mothers and fathers. Findings suggest that stepparents, and especially stepmothers, experience higher levels of parenting stress than biological parents. Findings also suggest that less traditional views about gendered family roles and higher dyadic adjustment are associated with lower parenting stress for stepparents, particularly in combination. Stepparents reporting both of these protective factors were indistinguishable in terms of parenting stress from biological parents. These findings indicate potential pathways to mitigate the stress associated with stepparenting. 相似文献
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Janet S. Fink 《Sex roles》2008,58(1-2):146-147
This article utilizes the work found within the special issue to note that sport as an institution still serves to produce,
reinforce, and perpetuate male hegemony. However, it additionally argues that the collective works point to progress in some
areas of sport. It highlights the ideas for future research regarding sex and gender diversity in sport and notes that these
concerns are often situated in multi-level, sometimes subtle, and usually taken-for-granted structures, policies, and behaviors
embedded in sport organizations. It concludes with a call for continued work in this area. 相似文献
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Luca Caricati 《Sex roles》2007,57(3-4):159-171
Invariance hypothesis posits that, across cultures and contexts, men are higher in SDO than women. Social Dominance Theory
(SDT) suggests that this difference is biologically determined and resulting from the differences in reproductive strategies
between sexes. In this study we tested the hypothesis that values can explain gender–SDO differences. SDT suggests that SDO
mediates gender differences in values. The contrasting hypothesis suggests that gender–SDO differences are mediated by values.
Using SEM with a sample of Italian University students (N = 162, 80 men), the results provided strong support for the hypothesis of a mediation effect of values. Indeed, when controlling
for values, gender difference in SDO disappear. Very similar findings were obtained for both GBD and OEQ. Results are discussed. 相似文献
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Demet Erol Öngen 《Sex roles》2007,57(1-2):111-118
The relationships between sensation seeking and gender role orientation were examined among 325 Turkish university students.
The Sensation Seeking Scale Form V (SSS-V; Zuckerman, Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1994) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 42:155–162, 1974) were used for data collection. The dimensions of the SSS-V were Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition,
Experience Seeking, and Boredom Susceptibility. The ANOVA and MANOVA revealed main effects for gender and gender role orientation.
As predicted, men reported higher levels of overall sensation seeking and Disinhibition than women did. Androgynous and masculine
groups reported higher levels of overall sensation seeking, Disinhibition and Experience Seeking than the feminine group did.
The effect of gender role orientation on Thrill and Adventure Seeking and Boredom Susceptibility was insignificant. 相似文献
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Gender differences have surfaced in inconsistent ways in autobiographical memory studies. When apparent, researchers find gender differences such that women report more vivid memory experiences than men and women include more details about emotions, about other people, and about the meaningfulness of their memories. Specifically, females include more emotion, more elaboration, and a greater sense of connectedness to others in their narratives, and we consider the possible connection between these tendencies and women’s advantage on a number of autobiographical and episodic memory tasks. However, not all studies of autobiographical memory find gender differences. We propose that gender differences in autobiographical memory development and interpersonal socialization contribute to the differences found, and that gender differences can be attributed, at least in part, to the influence of conversations with parents when autobiographical memory skills are developing. An examination of studies in which gender differences are not found suggests that specific instructions, context, gender salience, and the type of autobiographical memory measure used can mitigate gender differences. We conclude by outlining future directions for research, including longitudinal studies and experiments designed to systematically examine gender in autobiographical memory for its own sake. 相似文献
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Antecedents and Consequences of Perceived Personal Gender Discrimination: A Study of Solicitors in Hong Kong 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Informed by social identity theory, we developed a model to examine the antecedents and consequences of perceptions of personal gender discrimination. In the model, gender, gender identity, and perceived gender bias against women are considered as salient predictors of perceived personal gender discrimination, and organizational commitment and intentions to leave are considered as the outcome variables. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data collected from a sample of practicing solicitors in Hong Kong. We found that (a) women perceived more personal gender discrimination and gender bias against women than did men, (b) gender moderated the relationship between perceived gender bias against women and perceived personal gender discrimination, (c) the positive effect of gender bias against women on gender discrimination was more strongly positive for women than for men, and (d) perceived personal gender discrimination affected organizational commitment and intentions to leave. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
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Despite the need for qualified personnel in the field of information technology (IT), women are under represented. Recruiting
has been difficult and those women entering the profession often leave. Gender schema theory adds to the explanation of behaviors
and attitudes in the workplace that may adversely impact women in technology. We surveyed members of Systers, an online forum
for women in technology, to examine gender schemas of IT women to see if there is a significant difference between them and
the general public. Our findings suggest that there is a significant difference in the gender-schemas of women in technology
and the gender-schemas of the general population. A subsequent sample of male IT students and men in the general public also
indicated a significant difference in gender schemas of these two groups. Implications of these differences and future research
in this area are discussed. 相似文献
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Social roles create conflicting behavioral expectations for female negotiators; however, virtual negotiations reduce social
pressures. This paper reviews theoretical explanations on why men and women might differ in negotiations that occur through
email, telephone, or video. Forty-three negotiation studies comparing face-to-face and virtual negotiations were examined
for gender differences. All studies were reported in English but not limited to US participants. While many reports omitted
gender information, meta-analytic findings supported the prediction that women would be more hostile in virtual compared to
face-to-face negotiations, as well as finding no hostility difference for men between virtual and face-to-face negotiations.
While negotiators overall were more successful face-to-face than virtually, results separated by gender did not find this
effect. 相似文献
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This study investigated beliefs about gender discrimination in opportunities for promotion in organisations and their relation
to gender and gender-focused ambivalent beliefs as measured, respectively, by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and the
Ambivalence toward Men Inventory (AMI) (Glick and Fiske, Ambivalent sexism. In M.P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 33: pp. 115-188, San Diego, CA: Academic, 2001a). These two inventories were administered to 225 students at Flinders University
in Adelaide, Australia along with discrimination items concerning advantage, responsibility, guilt, and resentment about the
advancement of men and women in the workplace. Results showed gender differences in discrimination beliefs and in the hostile
and benevolent scales from the ASI and AMI. Gender differences and relations between these scales and the discrimination variables
were interpreted in terms of system-justification, self and group interests, and the effects of values and beliefs about deservingness
and entitlement.
This study was supported by a grant from the Australian Research Council. 相似文献
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Grammatical gender is generally considered an early and error-free acquisition in French children. This article first examines how children cope with the gender attribution problem, i.e., how they determine the gender of individual nouns. We consider the plausibility and requirements of an account in which tacit phonological assignment rules are put to use to solve attribution problems and contrast it with a simple “masculine as default” strategy. Elicited production data from three experiments, involving 312 4–10-year-old French children and 40 adult controls, were found compatible with this latter scenario and to provide only scant support for the former one. Second, we argue that previous studies have overestimated French children's gender agreement abilities, and that French children's ability to make the article and the adjective agree can be assumed from age 7 onwards, but not before. 相似文献
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This study investigated gender differences in creativity among 985 schoolchildren (499 boys, 486 girls) by analyzing both means and variability. A relatively new creativity test, the Test for Creative Thinking-Drawing Production (TCT-DP), was employed to gain a more refined understanding of gender differences in creativity using a gestalt approach. Whereas the results of analyses of means generally supported the Gender Similarities Hypothesis, the variability analyses tended to support the Greater Male Variability Hypothesis and the Gender Difference Hypothesis. Analyses of the TCT-DP subscales revealed that both genders have their relative strengths and weaknesses in creative thinking. Whereas girls outperformed boys in thoroughness of thinking, boys outperformed girls in boundary-breaking thinking. Variability analyses further showed that more boys clustered in the two extremes of the composite score. Significantly greater variability was found for males on five criteria of the TCT-DP. The educational implications of such a complex pattern of gender differences are discussed. With a view to searching for an explanation for gender differences, several lines of further research are proposed. 相似文献
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Creating and Sustaining Gender Diversity in Sport Organizations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
George B. Cunningham 《Sex roles》2008,58(1-2):136-145
Past diversity frameworks have focused on the desired end state of diversity management strategies (i.e., cultures that value
diversity and capitalize on the benefits that differences can bring to the organization) but have largely failed to highlight
the methods of creating such change. A model is proposed that addresses this gap in the literature. Specifically, I argue
that political, functional, and social pressures will call into question the legitimacy of the institutionalized nature of
gender inequality in sport organizations. These pressures are then thought to result in employee commitment to and behavioral
support for gender diversity initiatives. The relationship between the pressures for deinstitutionalization and commitment
to gender diversity are thought to be moderated by four factors: the presence of change teams, education, top management support,
and systemic integration. Contributions and future directions are discussed. 相似文献