Le travail collectif à l’épreuve des restructurations organisationnelles

The ergonomic analysis of work (Daniellou, 1996; Wisner, 1996) and especially the psychological analysis of real working activity (Leplat, 2000) allow investigating the main factors of work situations. The objective is to show the influence on the nursing representations of psychiatric services that are restructured, of the initial working situations, the projects, the restructuring models. The analyses assess the nursing representations of psychiatric services that are restructured, the projects, the restructuring models, the real working activity. The data show impacts of collective work and restructuring models, especially the damaging consequences of fusions. The results enable the authors to discuss from the points of views of theory, methodology and interventions.     

L’anxiété maternelle de séparation et l’aménagement du temps de travail

In order to examine the reasons of the choice and the effectiveness of the strategies of conciliation related to the adaptation of working time, we present two empirical studies which investigate the relationships between the level of maternal separation anxiety and the choice of the duration of the schedules of work. The first study was conducted among two groups of working mothers, one of 41 mothers working at full-time, the other of 33 mothers having chosen to work part-time. The second study relates to 45 employees of mass marketing having the possibility of choosing nonstandard work schedules (early the morning, late the evening) or in day. The results confirm that, on a psychological level, the question of worked time is crucial for the active mothers. They illustrate how the new constraints related to the changes of the world of work (flexibility and precariousness) can be sometimes undergone by the women, sometimes appropriated by them in order to reconcile work and their family role.     

Santé fragilisée et construction d’un travail soutenable

The number of workers with weakened health is increasing and situations combining poor health and work/job search are multiplying due to a combination of factors: changes in work, therapeutic treatments, greater attention to mental disorders, a rise in the retirement age and the ageing of the “active” population. Understanding the relationship between health and work through infra-pathological disorders and chronic diseases leads to several decompartments: temporal, disciplinary, of actors and spaces. This dossier aims to give visibility to these renewed approaches from a multi-disciplinary, theoretical and practical perspective.     

Le travail coopératif d’équipes de projet d’ingénierie à l’épreuve de l’activité en réunion médiatisée et multi-localisée

Performing in worldwide competition compels companies to be innovative and this unyielding global pressure sparks engineering team projects on a far-reaching scale. The synergy of heterogeneous and dispersed skills supposes to overcome the geographical distance between teammates using sophisticated socio-technical devices. Based upon four grounds of empirical research, this article will examine the function of this media coverage technology with a comprehensive sight of phenomena underlying remote interactions between teammates. Face to the reality of their cooperative activity, experiencing multi-localized virtual meetings with synchronous co-presence, are considered the experience, the resources and the constraints introduced by these terms and working conditions.     

Développement initial et processus de validation de l’échelle d’auto-efficacité émotionnelle au travail

The study aims to develop and present the validation process of a questionnaire on emotional self-efficacy in the work context from the six steps proposed by Dussault et al. (2007). The study is based on the theories of emotional intelligence of Mayer and Salovey (1997), Petrides and Furham (2001) and the self-efficacy of Bandura (1997). Following an expert analysis and a pre-test, the Emotional Self-Efficacy at Work scale is composed of 41 items. The participants are 985 Canadian workers. The results of confirmatory factor analyzes support the seven-dimensional structure, namely the self-efficiency to perceive one's emotions and those of others at work, the self-efficiency to use emotions at work, the self-efficiency to understand one's emotions and those of others at work and finally, the self-efficiency to manage one's emotions and those of others at work. The results also indicate that the seven dimensions have satisfactory internal coherence indices. The results suggest that this questionnaire is well suited to describe emotional self-efficacy at work. The use of the questionnaire will be discussed.     

Inhomogénéité des évaluations de durée d’incapacité totale de travail. Comparaison d’évaluations des durées d’incapacité totale de travail entre les médecins légistes,les médecins généralistes et les urgentistes

Setting a total length for time off work is a forensic act that all physicians must be able to perform. Given the importance of the legal consequences of this evaluation, it seems desirable that this practice is mastered by all practitioners. However, in practice there is often a disparity between forensic assessments and evaluations provided by other practitioners. To assess this difference in evaluation, we conducted a retrospective study, looking at 4 years of archives, of victims of Marseille's forensic service (CHU Timone), and highlighted a disparity between medical examiners, GPs and emergency physician's assessments. In both comparisons between medical examiners versus GPs (n = 367) or medical examiners versus emergency physicians (n = 511), were found in one third of cases of forensic requalification. The majority of checks on where GP's (80%) determined on over 8 days leave were reassessed under this limit by a medical examiner. This trend is reversed for the majority of (61%) requalification cases of emergency assessments (assessment over eight days by medical examiners. This study, proving a fact long suspected, raises many questions about these disparities evaluation we have discussed.     

L’effet médiateur de l’épuisement professionnel et des violences psychologiques dans le processus d’auto-objectification au travail

This study aims to highlight the mediating role of burnout and psychological violence between objectification and its consequences on the perception of oneself as an object. In total, 180 professionals responded to an online questionnaire to measure these constructs. The results reveal a direct effect of objectification on self-objectification, this effect being mediated by both burnout and the level of psychological violence. This study invites to question dehumanizing relationships at work and their conditions of emergence as a framework for interpreting risks at the workplace.     

L’analyse psychologique du travail

The author defines the characteristics of the psychological analysis of work as it is practiced in France, pointing out those characteristics which distinguish it from the taxonomic types of analysis more common in the Anglo-Saxon countries. He recalls some of the general traits, presents the analysis of work in the perspective of cognitive psychology, and emphasizes the difficulties compared to other, more classical, analyses. Some particular methods of the psychological analysis of work are presented by analysing the significance of accidents and errors. He emphasizes the many theoretical and methodological problems as well as the role of the analysis of work as a necessary condition previous to any intervention.     

Sens du travail et rapports vie de travail - vie hors travail chez trois catégories de télétravailleurs et chez les travailleurs classiques

Telework, namely so remote work, is composed of three basic forms: home based-telework, alternated telework and mobile telework. These three basic forms of telework and the traditional form of work are compared to identify their respective impact on work centrality, work social representation, and on relations between work life and out of work life. The mobile teleworkers present a high work centrality and the alternated teleworkers, a high family centrality. Concerning the representation, only mobile teleworkers and home based teleworkers cannot think the work without the basic knowledge of constraint. For the exchanges between work of life and out of work life, traditional workers separate their domains of life even though alternated teleworkers and home based-teleworkers combinate it. Mobile teleworkers develop exchanges between some domains of life.This study proves that it is not necessary to reason globally but to consider the specificity of each telework forms introduced or to implant in a organization.     

La cross-évaluation : une approche d’évaluation et de développement des processus de travail inter-équipes

Organizational agility has become an increasing focus for companies and has led to the emergence of new developmental methods. This article presents the cross-evaluation as an approach to evaluating and developing inter-team interface efficacity. Though 360 degrees feedback collective processes are being evaluated, and during reflexive workshops they decide what improvements to make in their team functioning. Based on a literature review and more specifically on the theories of social identity and groupthink this article describes the scientific bases of the cross-evaluation method and the biases that can be involved and how to reduce them. It suggests new avenues of research and practical suggestions for practitioners about an inter-team development method.     

Satisfaction et confort au travail. L’apport de la démarche implicative

A large body of research has investigated the psycho-organizational variables predicting satisfaction at work, but few studies have so far examined variables in the field of environmental psychology. Our study aims first to identify the impact of variables evaluating comfort at work (satisfaction with the work environment, attachment to the workplace) by comparing them with organizational variables known to be related to job satisfaction, and then to rank the relationships between these variables in a pseudo- implication sequence, based on statistical implicative analysis. The study involved 105 bank employees and confirms our theoretical model, showing that job satisfaction can be explained implicatively by the three other variables [(Comfort/Functionality => Control/privacy) => Workplace attachment] => job satisfaction.     

Le développement d’un outil de mesure des comportements inadaptés au travail auprès de directions d’établissements scolaires du Québec

This study focuses on developing a measuring tool for unsuitable behaviour in the workplace. The tool has been developed from school principals. To do so, exploratory factor analyses have been conducted. Data have been collected from 232 senior staff members from school facilities across Quebec. Participants were invited to answer an online questionnaire. The results obtained help to classify inappropriate work behaviour into one factor. In addition to its theoretical value, this research brings several significant contributions to practice.     

Ouvrir le dialogue pour comprendre l’activité. Un exemple de méthode en psychologie du travail

The investigations in occupational psychology are conditioned by the way events are observed and interpreted. When we approach subjectivity, it is necessary to understand what is hidden. And the angle from which we look at determines the analysis. This is to highlight the significance of the action. Those who work interpret situations, so they cannot be reduced to their action. But how can we reach the sense of a behaviour? The problem of interpretation arises. Understanding the activity, is trying to share the contents with the subject investigated. Therefore, the direct observation of a behaviour is not synonymous with objectivity. Through two examples of the preparatory phase of our inquiries, we present persons who explain us their professional activity. In these exchanges, what is said depends on the mode of entry. The objective is to engage the subject to explain his work to understand and transform. For this, the methodology can only be indirect. The resulting methods enable the subject to talk about what he does and come back on his activity to develop.     

Secret médical en santé au travail

The occupational physicians are obliged, like any doctor, to respect the ethical obligations imposed on their profession, including in the exercise of the missions specific to occupational medicine and contained in the Labor Code. The occupational physician is not isolated and works in a multidisciplinary team of a health service at work. He must communicate with other health professionals, but also with employers, representative bodies of staff. Medical confidentiality holds a special place in the triangular relationship between the occupational physician, the employee and the employer. The medical practice in the field of occupational health requires that many provisions of the Labor Code be followed, including the respect of the secret of manufacture and the position of advising employers and employees. The occupational physician must communicate with the employer in order to best achieve his mission, but in practice, it may be difficult for the occupational doctor to make his recommendations heard to improve the working conditions of employees without power, when he cannot argue his opinions on medical information.     

Le collectif de travail : une protection pour la santé psychologique d’éducateurs d’ateliers industriels en milieu carcéral

Using data from a survey conducted in Psychodynamic of Work in a maximum security penitentiary with monitors of industrial workshops, this paper proposes an understanding of the impact of organizational constraints on the psychological health. This qualitative study shows that the situation faced by these workers produces significant sources of suffering for example, work prevented, oppositions between different groups of workers, rough social relationships, fears and dangers). Few sources of pleasure, based on the team relationship, the challenge of rehabilitation of prisoners and the satisfaction of making quality products. The study identified various defensive strategies to counter the suffering at work. Finally, the discussion focuses on the importance of collective work as a means of protecting psychological health.     

Suicide lié au travail et prévention

Regarding social law, work-related suicide can be qualified as a professional risk, in particular as a work accident. It's the option chosen by case-law. The idea is to compensate: qualifying suicide as a work accident provides a social security compensation to the suicided employee's family and, in certain cases, the possibility to sue the employer. But, this case-law does not really question the prevention of the suicide before its commitment. In Labour law, the employer's obligation to prevent risks must face the risk of work-related suicide.     

Conséquences d’une catastrophe naturelle touchant le lieu de travail sur l’épuisement professionnel : Le cas du personnel d’un hôpital gériatrique

The Hautmont tornado has occurred on august 03, 2008, in the North of France. It was caused major destructions in this town and particularly in this city hospital. A tornado is a major natural phenomenon that causes destructions and disasters. In the literature, natural disaster and their destructive consequences are associated with psycho-traumatic disorders, among which is posttraumatic stress. The purpose of this research was to study the psychological impact of this tornado on a particularly vulnerable population: employees of a hospital. Thirty eight employees were interviewed one year after the Tornado. The results of this study showed that this disaster had many psychological repercussions. Many cases of posttraumatic stress disorders and cases of burnout were present independently of job strain level.