违法犯罪者人格多种方法研究

本研究运用问卷法“YG人格测验”、作业法“内田－克雷佩林心理测验”和投射法“色塔人格测验”对126名违法犯罪者进行了测试。结果表明,作业法和投射法人格测验二者相互补充和印证,揭示了违法犯罪者人格的某些特点,问卷法人格测验的结果与前者不一致,应该运用多种方法对违法犯罪者的人格进行研究。     

Validation of graphoanalysis by "global" or "holistic" method.

Graphoanalysis is the most systematically developed and best researched of all methods of handwriting analysis (genetically called graphology). This is a projective expressive movement that is neither better nor more poorly validated than most projective techniques as a means of personality assessment, which is inadequate because their subjectivity makes statistical study difficult. With all projective techniques "sign" or trait validation has been minimal, and the best validation has come from "global" or "holistic" methods. The present study presents a paradigm for the latter type of approach to handwriting analysis, using a matching technique with probabilities of 1/5, wherein five subjects were matched by people who knew them to one of five blind Graphoanalyses of the subjects' writing. This design is herein replicated five times, with total data significantly different from chance expectation (p less than .001), supporting the hypothesis that it is possible to evaluate personality through analysis of handwriting.     

A cognitive-perceptual analysis of projective tests used with children.

There are both general and specific problems with projective tests--the production, comprehension, and interpretation of two-dimensional visual representations. At the general level, there is a need to integrate findings from the neuro- and cognitive sciences, cognitive, perceptual, and affective development, and the understanding and interpretation of pictorial material based on the accumulated research base in the arts. At the specific level, much of the research base on projective tests is poor or outdated; evidence for clinical utility is mixed or negative; and the tests possess poor reliability and validity while the putative underlying psychological process of projection" has not been subject to rigorous empirical examination--the term remains vague and elusive. While earlier critiques and reviews have focused on problems in validity and reliability, their has been a lack of attention to the development of children's pictorial abilities as pertain to projective techniques. Although many of the principles delineated here also apply to adolescents and adults, an important challenge for clinicians is to develop and employ better methods in the "projective" assessment of children.     

A critique of Lilienfeld et al.'s (2000) "The scientific status of projective techniques"

Lilienfeld, Wood, and Garb (2000) published a largely negative critique of the validity and reliability of projective methods, concentrating on the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach (Exner, 1993), 3 systems for coding the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Murray, 1943) cards, and human figure drawings. This article is an effort to document and correct what I perceive as errors of omission and commission in the Lilienfeld et al. article. When projective measures are viewed in the light of these corrections, the evidence for the validity and clinical usefulness of the Rorschach and TAT methods is more robust than Lilienfeld et al. represented.     

拓扑几何在知觉组织与空间概念形成中的运用

陈霖的拓扑知觉理论运用几何性质解释知觉组织,并强调拓扑性质的优先性——拓扑知觉是其他几何知觉的基础,拓扑知觉先于其他几何知觉发生。皮亚杰的拓扑首位理论认为儿童的空间概念发展顺序为先发展拓扑几何概念,之后再发展射影与欧式几何概念。两大理论都运用拓扑性质来解释心理现象,其研究对象、研究方法存在很大不同,但它们在理论结构上具有高度一致性,对几何学在心理学上的运用有非常重要的启示意义。     

Qualitative Assessment: An Approach for Counselors

Qualitative assessment offers the counselor methods of helping clients to know and understand themselves better—methods that are flexible, open-ended, holistic, and nonstatistical. The methods are diverse and include card sorts, simulations, exercises and games, worksamples, and others. Many of the methods may be considered projective in nature and thereby tap values, interests, and needs in ways that standardized tests do not. Because these activities involve the client actively, they can flow directly out of and back into the counseling relationship rather than being a discrete element.     

内隐刻板印象研究综述

内隐刻板印象是存在的,并且比较集中地体现在内隐种族刻板印象、内隐性别刻板印象等方面.在相关研究的基础上,逐渐形成了判断潜伏期测量、投射测量等有效捕捉和研究内隐刻板印象的间接测量方法.     

Card pull in projective testing

Card pull, the tendency of the test stimuli to evoke or predispose certain cognitive and affective responses in the subject, is essential to the understanding and practice of projective testing. The basic instruction in projective testing employs the subjunctive mood to catalyze the dialectic between actuality and potentiality inherent in the projective stimulus. The subject is encouraged to play with the stimulus, to modify fact, to forsake the literal and the concrete, and to toy with the reality-stuff of the stimulus. Various conceptions of projective stimuli are reviewed and considered nondefinitive of projective testing. Projective testing is tentatively defined as a state of mind, a temporary but adaptive collusion shared between tester and subject which involves the former inviting the latter to modify a sample of reality.     

How do I score thee? Let me count the ways. Or some different methods of categorizing Rorschach responses

The controversy over the merit of Exner's (1986) Comprehensive System (CS) has unfortunately led to a confusion of the CS with all methods of scoring responses to inkblots. Six other widely used Rorschach scoring methods and representative examples of the research they have generated are described. Objective tests of personality ask participants to acknowledge explicit motives, whereas projective tests sample implicit needs participants may not recognize. Projective methods provide unique means of studying personality dynamics. The CS, whatever its merits and limitations, is but 1 of a number of systems of categorizing Rorschach responses.     

Projective invariance and picture perception

Four experiments test the assumption that, in the visual perception of pictures, observers have reliable and direct access to the equivalence of shapes in projective geometry. The assumption is that perception of projective equivalence is the basis of shape constancy ('the projective thesis'). Observers matched or reproduced abstract planar shapes under conditions of rotation in the picture plane, and pictured rotation in depth. Departure from projective equivalence was assessed in each study by measuring the planar analogue of cross ratio. Projective equivalence was not found to be perceived uniformly where Euclidean equivalence was not judged uniformly, either in recognition tasks or in production tasks. When the projective thesis is put to a suitably general test, confidence in the thesis is undermined.     

Toward Development of a Projective Set

An exploration of the possibility of developing a projective set in a client that will allow for lowering of his defenses and thus possibly eliciting “richer projective materials.” A “anxious tension” set was produced in one group of Ss by means of an intelligence type test and “playful tension” was produced in another group by means of a fantasy task. A projective technique (Part A of the Rosenzweig F-Battery) was then given to both groups. The results indicate that this projective technique was taken at a more implicit (or deeper) level following the “playful tension” than following the “anxious tension.” Implications for the pre-test environment of projective techniques are given.     

States of identity: a perspective drawing upon Fordham's model and infant studies

This paper examines the Jungian concept of identity and distinguishes it from projective identification and participation mystique which also refer to non-differentiation between self and object but involve projective mechanisms. Clinical work by Fordham and a psychoanalytic infant observation are used to illustrate early perceptual operations defined by experimental researches. These operations are understood to be expressions of the primary self which manifest themselves before the structuring necessary for normal projective identification. This paper attempts to describe an intersubjective experience between mother and baby that allows for their separate ways of relating, but does not depend on projective mechanisms that can exist only after there has been adequate development.     

Knowing others through the self—Influence of self-perception on perception of others: A review

The literature relating to the influence of self-perception on the perception of others is reviewed. Projective effects are shown to occur in judgments of a wide range of psychological characteristics. Cognitive and dissonance theories of the projective process are critically examined. Drawing on the developmental literature, a cognitive theory of the projective process is proposed in which projective phenomena are conceptualized as side effects of a basic mechanism involved in knowing others.     

Objective Scoring of the TAT: Further Validation

Attention was called to a highly objective, reliable and parsimonious. method for scoring the TAT and further empirical evidence of its validity was presented. The scores obtained through this method were found to be significantly related to two other TAT scoring methods and to ratings by independent interviewers of the level of maturity of 64 male and 61 female young adults. The results were related to research bearing on the relation between projective material and overt behavior.     

The Rorschach: projective technique or psychometric test?

Various approaches to the Rorschach Technique are described in terms of the idiographic-nomothetic axis and the perceptual-content axis. It is suggested that it is most productive to view the Rorschach as a projective tool, with perceptual scoring a secondary factor. Current efforts at objectification of the Rorschach are not seen as useful as efforts to enhance its projective qualities. Some possible ways are discussed in which the projective value of the instrument can be maximized.     

Clouds Into Rain

Drawing from the work of Melanie Klein and Wilfred Bion, this article explores projective and introjective dynamics in terms of Buddhist meditative methods and practice. Forms of meditations, such shamatha or calm-abiding, and vipashayana or analytic meditation, are linked to psychoanalytic dynamics in clinical terms. The interface between Buddhist meditation and psychoanalytic experience is explored with case material.     

Projective invariance and visual shape constancy

As one moves about a table, the projection of its shape on the retina varies enormously, yet the table's shape appears constant. The various retinal images of a single object are nearly congruent in projective geometry. To explain apparent constancy, standard theories of vision assume that the visual system has access to this projective congruence. We present four experiments that undermine this assumption (i.e., the projective thesis). The basic result is that observers' estimates of shape in a simple production task represent gross departures from correct projection, even when observers are given aids to fixation. We manipulate both observer sample and experimental procedure in an attempt to find a source of these persistent errors. Our present hypothesis is that observers lack the sensitivity or implicit knowledge of projective geometry that has been attributed to them.     

Face Validity and Fakability of Objective and Projective Measures of Dependency

Three studies involving a total of 225 subjects examined the relationship between the face validity and "fakability" (i.e., susceptibility to faking on the part of subjects) of widely used objective and projective dependency tests. in Study 1, subjects (n = 75) were able to accurately identify the trait being assessed by an objective dependency test but were unable to identify the trait being assessed by a projective dependency test. Study 2 demonstrated that subjects (n = 75) could deliberately fake their answers to the objective dependency test but could not fake their answers to the projective test. Study 3 demonstrated that subjects (n = 75) responses to the objective dependency test were influenced by an instructional manipulation wherein dependency was described in a positive, negative, or neutral manner immediately prior to test administration, whereas subjects responses to the projective dependency test were unaffected by this manipulation. These results suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the face validity and fakability of widely used objective and projective dependency tests. Conceptual and methodological implications of these findings are discussed.     

A demonstration of shape constancy

In order to compare the recognition of objective (defined in three dimensions) and projective (on the frontal-parallel plane) shapes, subjects were asked to identify angles (either objective or projective) on random polygons that were displayed in complex and meaningful photographic slides in the frontal-parallel plane. The subjects’ judgments corresponded much more closely to the objective than to the projective shapes, almost independently of which of the two shapes they were asked to judge and of whether the slides were presented in a normal upright orientation or were rotated 180 deg. The results are incompatible with the strong form of the shape-slant hypothesis, which assumes that the primary perceptual information concerns the properties of the projective retinal image. The results indicate, instead, that a tacit conception of three-dimensional space is primary in the perceptual process.