血液肿瘤的基因治疗及伦理学问题

基因治疗是一种新的有希望的抗肿瘤治疗方法。本文首先简述基因治疗发展史,然后介绍目前尝试性用于血液系统肿瘤的反义核酸疗法、抑癌基因疗法、自杀基因疗法以及过继性免疫疗法等基因治疗方法,进一步阐述基因治疗在血液系统肿瘤患者中应用存在的伦理学问题。     

血液肿瘤的基因治疗及伦理学问题

基因治疗是一种新的有希望的抗肿瘤治疗方法.本文首先简述基因治疗发展史,然后介绍目前尝试性用于血液系统肿瘤的反义核酸疗法、抑癌基因疗法、自杀基因疗法以及过继性免疫疗法等基因治疗方法,进一步阐述基因治疗在血液系统肿瘤患者中应用存在的伦理学问题.     

干细胞研究及其伦理学问题

干细胞是动物体内一种独特的基本细胞类型。干细胞分化时,有些成为特殊类型的细胞,另一些仍维持干细胞,准备替代机体衰老和损伤的细胞。这些干细胞本身能够复制,以供机体终生组织更新的需要。最基本的多能干细胞存在于早期胚胎中,科学家们成功分离和培育干细胞的报告,为退行性疾病主损伤甚至致合性疾病的治疗带来了新的希望,然而,与此同时也引起了世界范围的关于使用人类胚胎和死亡胎儿进行研究的伦理大争论。     

体细胞基因治疗中的伦理学问题

体细胞基因治疗中的伦理学问题北京医科大学医学史研究中心（１０００８３）张大庆基因治疗一般分为四类：体细胞基因治疗、生殖系基因治疗、增强基因工程和优生基因工程。目前医学界对基因治疗持审慎态度,且主要限于体细胞基因治疗方法。自基因治疗诞生之际,就引起广泛...     

试析基因治疗中的不当与恰当问题

笔者发现 ,无论是研究者 ,还是社会公众、政策决策者 ,在对待和认识基因治疗时 ,往往会因为认识的偏差或价值取向不同 ,而使自己的认识、态度和行为出现一些“不当”。最终会使基因治疗受到影响 ,或因此而停止 ,或误入歧途。我们呼唤全社会能够对基因治疗采取恰当的态度 (即理性、科学的态度 ) ,使基因治疗的研究和发展更加符合人类的利益。1　基因治疗中几种典型的不当表现及原因分析1.1　认知态度的不当 :人们一般在分析和评价客观对象时 ,要坚持具体事物具体分析的原则 ,不能简单地以动机代替效果或以效果肯定动机 ,而应注重两者的辩证统…     

试论人类体细胞基因治疗的生命伦理

试论人类体细胞基因治疗的生命伦理解放军总医院（北京１００８５３）宋克群李玉珍王琦一、基因治疗是指对导致疾病之异常基因的结构和功能进行修改,以达到控制和治疗疾病的目的基因治疗有４种类型：体细胞基因治疗、生殖系基因治疗、增强基因工程和优生基因工程。现一般...     

伦理学基本问题新论

一门学科之所以得以建立,不仅在于有其客观的研究对象,而且在于有其基本问题.伦理学的基本问题就是道德观的根本问题,即道与德、义与利、群与己的关系问题,简单合在一起说,伦理学的基本问题就是道德义利群己关系问题.     

基因检测与治疗中若干问题的伦理学思考

随着基因组学的发展,临床医学中出现了基因检测与基因治疗的新方法,伴随着基因技术的临床应用出现了一些伦理、法律和社会新问题,迫使人们从理论和观念层次加以考察并探讨解决问题的可能性途径,对基因检测和基因治疗中出现或可能出现的伦理学问题进行了初步探讨,结合国际人类基因组计划的有关规范,探索了解决问题的可能性途径。     

生命伦理学前沿问题综述

近年来，伴随着生命科学技术的进步，生命伦理学也蓬勃发展，研究者对生命伦理学问题有了更多的思考和讨论。下面我们将从三个方面对此予以梳理和总结。     

大学时期早期的通识伦理教育

通识教育的目的在于建立人的主体性,以完成人之自我解放,并与所互为之人文及自然环境建立生存主体性的关系.通识教育可区分为核心课程与一般课程两个层次.伦理是教养之大成,医学伦理是医者把认知、发展与修养在医患关系上的努力.动之以情,说之以理,诉立以法,是通识伦理教育的一般方法.     

Ethical and Legal Considerations in the Training of Mental Health Professionals

Summary

A discussion is provided regarding ethical and legal considerations that relate to the training of mental health professionals. A training program which emphasizes a proactive approach to identifying and resolving potential ethical and legal problems, and their close connection with clinical issues is described, as are the responsibilities of supervisors and supervisees in such a program. For illustrative purposes, a training vignette and a clinical vignette conclude the article.     

药物临床试验设计的伦理思考

目前广泛采用的药物临床试验设计中,由于不能使受试者最大限度的受益而在伦理学方面存在弊端。自适应设计方法的出现,为克服这一弊端提供了现实途径,可使药物临床试验的受试者能够最大程度的受益。本文从传统临床试验引发的伦理问题入手,阐述了自适应设计以人为本的特点,探讨了其在解决伦理与疗效冲突问题中的重要作用。     

心肌保护基因治疗进展及展望

心肌保护基因治疗的研究目前仍停留在动物实验阶段。本文从哲学的角度论述了心肌保护基因治疗研究的进展与优点,以及存在的安全性、局限性与伦理学方面的问题,并就目前其它领域基因治疗的进展对其作了进一步的展望。     

Elder Abuse: Ethical and Related Considerations for Professionals in Psychology

Elder abuse presents difficult ethical considerations that the field of psychology has yet to sufficiently address. As demographics and sociocultural factors shift in the coming decade, this deficit in ethical competence may become an increasingly serious problem. Although legal definitions of elder abuse lack uniformity and clarity, there is much room for improvement in the field of psychology. Ethical considerations most relevant to professionals in psychology draw heavily on the principles of beneficence and nonmaleficence and respect for people's rights and dignity. Professional standards of competence, discrimination, informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, and cooperation with other professionals are also critical in these considerations. A number of recommendations are made, centering around the needs for more education, frank discussion, and empirical examination of the complexities of elder abuse.     

Weighing the Evidence: Empirical Assessment and Ethical Implications of Conversion Therapy

The American Psychological Association's (APA's) as well as other professional organizations' (e.g., American Psychiatric Association) removal of homosexuality as a mental disorder represented a paradigmatic shift in thinking about exual orientation. Since then, APA (2000) American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Position statement on attempts to change sexual orientation (conversion and reparative therapies).. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157: 1719–1721. [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] disseminated guidelines for working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) clients, and a variety of scholars and researchers alike have advocated affirmative therapeutic interventions with LGB individuals. Despite these efforts, the controversy over treating individuals with LGB orientations using nonaffirmative techniques continues. In this discussion, the limited evidence regarding the efficacy and effects of conversion therapy is surveyed, particularly in the context of empirically supported treatment criteria summarized by Division 12 (clinical psychology) of the APA. Authors then consider the resulting ethical considerations in performing conversion therapy and propose alternative uses of affirmative therapy on the basis of ethical standards defined by APA. Finally, options for treating LGB individuals who are coming to terms with their sexual orientations are discussed.     

开展活体器官移植的伦理学思考

活体器官移植起源于器官移植技术的最初阶段,目前已经成功开展了肾脏,肝脏,肺脏、小肠、脾脏等器官的活体移植手术,事实表明该技术不仅有其科学依据,而且有其伦理学依据,即以人类自身伟大的奉献精神来关爱他人。但开展这一技术时务必需要遵循知情自愿原则,生命价值原则,利益和风险并存原则。当然在积极肯定这一技术的同时,也应该看到这一技术也存在一些伦理学方面尚未解决的问题。     

Combined Individual/Marital Therapy: A Conflict Resolution Framework and Ethical Considerations

This paper illustrates how couple and individual treatment formats can be intertwined. A conflict resolution theoretical framework structures treatment around three goals: (1) relieving symptoms (anger, depression, and marital distress), (2) facilitating resolution of the couple's conflicts, and (3) building communication and conflict resolution skills. The literature review focuses on why combining individual and couple therapy is often important for married clients. Two Bicycles, an illustrative case incorporating both conjoint and individual interventions, is presented and analyzed with regard to when each format seems beneficial. Ethical and practical issues raised by dual format treatment include potential harm, informed consent, dual roles, confidentiality, and time and financial costs.     

绘画艺术疗法在临床应用中的广阔前景

绘画艺术疗法在欧美地区已经得到广泛的应用,成为了心理咨询与治疗的主要技术之一,但在我国是近10年来才开始兴起。绘画艺术疗法作为一种独特的心理治疗手段,在精神分裂症、抑郁症、儿童孤独症、癌症等其他临床疾病的治疗过程均有着独特的疗效。本文将从其理论和作用机制、临床应用现状及应用前景等方面进行阐述。