如何利用广义量词的语义性质判断扩展三段论的有效性

在国内外最新研究成果的基础上,笔者通过对文中的定理和推论的证明,主要说明了以下几点：（1）利用广义量词的相关语义性质,比如单调性和对称性,既可以解释亚氏三段论的有效性,又可以解释带有广义量词的扩展三段论的有效性;（2）一些有效的扩展三段论仅仅表征了广义量词的左或右单调性,还有一些有效的扩展三段论同时表征了广义量词的多个语义性质;（3）利用广义量词的东南或西北或西南或东北方向的单调性可以判断一些带有限制条件的扩展三段论的有效性。此研究将有利于广义量词理论的发展,对于计算机科学中的知识表示和知识推理的研究都具有较为重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

广义量词的相关性质研究

本文是笔者对S.Peters与D.Westerst(?)hl([7])的成果的拓展研究。首先介绍相关的概念。其次,笔者详细证明了类型为〈1,1〉的广义量词的对称性与单调性的关系定理。然后,笔者给出了该类量词的余对称性、余相交性和余驻留性定义,接着笔者提出并证明了关于这三个性质的四个定理,而且还详细证明了余对称性与单调性的关系定理。最后,笔者探讨了具有(余)驻留性和(余)对称性的〈1,1〉类型的广义量词的数字三角形的特点。由于〈1,1〉类型的广义量词在自然语言中普遍存在,所以,本文的研究对广义量词理论的发展具有一定的理论价值,对自然语言的计算机信息处理也具有一定的实践指导意义。     

FOK的线索熟悉性假说与线索熟悉性判断

这项研究对ＦＯＫ的线索熟悉性假说进行了进一步检验,该假说认为,人们是根据自已对记忆线索是否熟悉而作ＦＯＫ判断的,研究结果表明,线索熟悉性判断与ＦＯＫ判断是两种不同性质的判断,它们可以在相同的刺激模式下表现出不同的反应模式。     

古典对当方阵和广义量词

古典对当方阵可同溯到亚里士多德逻辑,并且自此后就一直被广泛地讨论,特别是在中世纪和现代。它刻画了所有、没有、并非所有和某些这四个量词之间的特定逻辑关系,即对当关系。亚里十多德和传统逻辑学家,以及人多数当代语言学家,都把“所有”看作具有存在预设,也即“所有A是B”可以推山“存在A”,而现代逻辑则放弃了这一假定。用现代逻辑对“所有”的解释来代替亚里十多德的解释（对“并非所有”也可以作类似处理）,就产生了现代版本的对当方阵。近年来有许多争论,探讨这两个方阵中哪一个是正确的。本文中我的主要观点是,这个问题不是,或者不应该主要是关于存在预设的,毋宁说它是关于否定的模式的。我认为现代方阵表述了自然语言中否定的一般模式,而传统方阵则没有做到这一点。明乎此,不仅需要把对当方阵应用于四个亚里士多德量词,还需要把它应用到这一类型的广义量词上。现代方阵上的任一量词所展示的否定的模式,常常不是在传统方阵中发现的对当关系。本文提供了一些技术性结果和工具,阐述了解释各种英语限定词的量词方阵的若干例子。本文最后一个例子引入了否定的第二模式。它伴随特定复杂量词出现,也能够在方阵中被表达。     

整体与部分的意义关系对汉字知觉的影响

以汉字为材料研究整体与部分之间的意义关系对知觉的影响。实验1采用整体/局部的等级模式。结果表明,整体与部分的意义关系影响整体与部分的知觉。实验2采用启动范式,启动字部件与目标字有意义关系。结果表明,启动字部件对有意义联系的目标字有启动效应。整个研究表明,汉字知觉中存在由整体到部分和由部分到整体的双向平行加工,整体与部分的意义关系影响字词整体与部分的知觉。     

Psychometric Properties of the Semantic Differential Scale in Studying Attitudes Toward Menstruation among Roman Catholics in India

Journal of Religion and Health - This article describes the psychometric properties of a semantic differential scale developed to evaluate the attitudes towards menstruation among Roman Catholics...     

Perceived Autonomy Support Moderates the Relations between Counseling Self-Efficacy and Flow among Filipino Counselors

Contemporary literature has emphasized the vital role of supervision in the professional growth of counselors and therapists. Even some counselor developmental models argued that improvement in counselor autonomy, motivation, and self-efficacy is highly contingent upon counseling supervision, especially in Western settings. Yet, there is marked scarcity of studies examining the antecedents of flow in non-Western contexts. As such, the central aim of the current study was to assess the moderating effects of perceived autonomy support from supervisors on the relations between counseling self-efficacy (CSE) and state flow among Filipino counselors. A sample of 131 Filipino counselors in Metro Manila participated in the research through answering questionnaires that measured the aforementioned constructs. The findings of correlational analyses have shown that counseling self-efficacy and perceived autonomy support are positively associated with state flow. The results of path analysis revealed a significant moderation effect. This suggests that for Filipino counselors who had greater perceptions that their supervisors provide autonomy in their counseling practice (perceived autonomy support), having lower perceived capabilities in performing counseling duties may lead to higher immersion and enjoyment in counseling activities, while for those who have low perceived autonomy support, having higher levels of counseling self-efficacy will lead to lower flow. Implications of these findings in theory and practice are elucidated.     

Henkin Quantifiers and the Definability of Truth

Henkin quantifiers have been introduced in Henkin (1961). Walkoe (1970) studied basic model-theoretical properties of an extension L _* ¹(H) of ordinary first-order languages in which every sentence is a first-order sentence prefixed with a Henkin quantifier. In this paper we consider a generalization of Walkoe's languages: we close L _* ¹(H) with respect to Boolean operations, and obtain the language L ¹(H). At the next level, we consider an extension L _* ²(H) of L ¹(H) in which every sentence is an L ¹(H)-sentence prefixed with a Henkin quantifier. We repeat this construction to infinity. Using the (un)-definability of truth – in – N for these languages, we show that this hierarchy does not collapse. In addition, we compare some of the present results to the ones obtained by Kripke (1975), McGee (1991), and Hintikka (1996).     

试论早期道教与易学的关涉--兼论《周易参同契》反映了汉代金丹道教的思想

早期道教,一般认为,以太平道、天师道和金丹道为代表。太平道的主要经典是《太平经》,天师道的早期经典是《老子想尔注》,而金丹道教的著作可以《周易参同契》作为重要的代表之一。我们简略考查一下《老子想尔注》、《太平经》、《周易参同契》中是否有与道教易学相关联的内容。一《老子想尔注》据唐玄宗《道德真经疏外传》、杜光庭《道德真经广圣义》所载,作者为东汉张道陵;唐陆德明《经典释文·序录》存《老子想尔》二卷,注称“不详何人,一云张鲁或云刘表”。此书已佚,只有敦煌残抄本一件,基本保存了原书的上卷。饶宗颐先生据此而整理成《…