归因是怎样影响假设思维的

考察了归因这一外力对假设思维的影响。研究发现归因对假设思维的影响与选择原因大小成正比与事件后果严重程度成反比。当选择原因相对后果而言足够大时,假设思维将不服从“特例－常规”规律。在此基础上,根据是否存在外力将事件分为被迫事件和自由事件,并提出“特例－常规”规律（或是“做－不做”规律）只适合自由事件而不是所有事件。这一结果部分地解释了长期存在于实验研究与现场研究中的假设思维所表现出的差异。     

归因特性对组织公正感的影响

以上海市部分企业员工为研究对象,运用问卷调查法探讨归因特性(稳定性、可控性和有意性)对不公正感产生的影响。结果表明:归因的稳定性、可控性、有意性均对责任性有显著的正向影响;归因的稳定性、可控性、有意性均对不公平感有显著的正向影响;归因的稳定性、可控性、有意性均通过责任性部分中介作用于不公正感。     

对一种经典归因现象的新解释——“背景效应假设“

1引言Weiner（1971）的一项经典研究表明：人们常把积极的结果（成功）归因于个人因素,而把消极的结果归因于环境因素。这种现象已被在多种不同的领域内所进行的大量的研究所证实。例如,在体育比赛中,运动员将他们的成功归因于技能和努力,将失败归因于运气不佳;在学校情境中,教师将学生成绩的改进归因于好的教学,将学生的差成绩归因于学生的能力欠佳或缺乏努力;在诸如赌博之类的投机活动中,人们常常为输而不是赢寻找外部原因;在政治角逐中也有类似的现象,政治家们常把胜利归因于个人特质,而把失败归因于政党支持不力等外部因素。…     

中学生自我效能感、归因与学习成绩关系的研究

本研究以398名中学生为研究对象,以自我效能感和归因量表为工具,探讨了不同年级和成绩水平的学生自我效能感与归因的特点以及自我效能感、归因与成绩之间的关系,结果发现:(1)对于能力自我效能感和行为自我效能感,不同学习水平的学生之间存在着显著性差异,而年级差异不显著。学习水平和年级在能力自我效能感上存在着交互作用。(2)不管失败归因还是成功归因,年级差异显著,学习水平差异不显著。(3)路径分析表明,自我效能感对学习成绩有直接的影响,而归因是通过自我效能感间接影响学习成绩的     

初中生时间管理倾向、自我效能感、学习归因与学业成绩关系的研究

本研究探讨了时间管理倾向、自我效能感、学习归因与初中生学业成绩的关系。结果呈正相关。努力归因通过自我效能感的作用间接影响学业成绩。在努力归因、能力归因和时间价值感上女生得分显著高于男生。     

消费者的归因对价格公平感和购买意愿的影响

采用实验情景模拟的方法,通过2X5的被试间设计,以712名被试作为研究对象,检验了在不同原因和不同商品涨价情景下消费者的价格公平感和购买意愿。在不提供涨价原因的情景下,被试的反应比较温和。根据归因理论,从控制点和可控性的维度区分了四种研究情景。结果发现,控制点和可控性之间的交互作用显著,控制点和商品种类的交互作用显著,消费者的消极情绪和对组织的评价在公平感与购买意愿之间具有部分中介效应。     

中学生学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间因果关系的研究

该研究采用测验法对中学生学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间的因果关系进行了探讨,并建立起因果关系模型。研究结果表明：学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间是相互联系和相互影响的,学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感直接或间接影响个体的成就状况。     

领导领域中归因理论的研究述评

领导领域中的归因研究对于把握领导过程、组织绩效评估以及领导成员关系等问题均具有重要的理论与实际意义。文章回顾了自领导归因理论提出以后,领导归因领域中包括有关模型构建、验证与发展、内隐归因在内的相关研究;同时,对归因偏差、归因风格、领导成员关系、人格特质、领导类型、情绪、文化及相关人口学变量等因素与领导归因的关系研究进行了系统梳理;最后,分析、总结了该领域以往研究的不足及今后的研究趋势     

初中生学习归因、学习自我效能感、学习策略和学业成就关系的研究

1　前言　　学习是导致人类进步和发展的重要途径 ,也是一个人终生都面临的重要任务。进入 90年代以来 ,如何才能进行有效的学习成了教育心理学新的研究课题 ,学习归因、学习自我效能感和学习策略 ,已成为当前研究的热点 ,并取得了很多的研究成果。以往众多的单因素研究表明学习归因、学习自我效能感、学习策略都是影响学生学业成就的重要因素 ,然而单个探讨其中的某一个影响因素 ,所得的结论难以比较和综合。近年来的研究趋势是将影响学生学业成就的因素进行综合考虑 ,ＳｃｈｅｌｌＤＦ对自我效能感、归因和阅读写作成绩作过研究 ;而Ｚｉｍ…     

知晓感研究述评

本文集中探讨了成人中的一种特殊的元认知过程--知晓感过程.首先讨论知晓感现象本身的早期研究,然后再探讨其潜在的机制;最后阐述这一过程的各种用途.     

大学生词的获得年龄、熟悉度、具体性和词频效应的眼动研究

采用眼动实验方法,研究大学生词的获得年龄、熟悉度、具体性和词频四个变量在句子阅读中所产生的字词识别效应,以及效应作用的时间进程。对这四个变量与词阅读的首次注视时间、单一注视时间、凝视时间、总注视时间进行多元重复回归分析,结果发现,词频和熟悉度在词识别过程的所有方面都具有重要性,获得年龄对词识别的早期加工过程敏感,具体性对各个阶段的词识别影响不显著。     

康有为人性论思想研究

康有为的人性论思想包含三个部分：（１）自然人性论,它是康有为人性论思想的核心;（２）情欲合理论,它是康有为人性论思想中重要的和颇具特色的组０成部分;（３）变化气质论,它是康有为人性论思想中具有实践意义的内容,也是康有为的自然人性论与中国古代的自然人性论的区别所在。康有为的人性论思想汲取了我国古代人性论思想的精华,并有新的发展,批判地继承康有为的人性论思想,对于我国心理学思想的发展和当前的教育实践具有重要意义。     

服务质量的研究综述

服务日渐成为企业关键的竞争要素之一,越来越多的企业在市场竞争中开始以消费者为中心,重视服务质量,以期在激烈的市场竞争中获胜。文章概括了服务的概念及特性、服务质量的概念、服务质量要素的研究状况和服务质量接受区间的应用,并简要说明了文化对服务质量要素的影响。     

THE GENETICS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: A REVIEW

Family, twin, and adoption studies have produced strong evidence that genes play a major role in schizophrenic conditions. These conventional approaches, however, are not able to reveal anything about the way in which genes influence that disease except that the family prevalence of schizophrenia is too low to fit a classical Mendelian transmission mode. New molecular biological techniques offer bright possibilities for identifying the chromosomal loci of genetic diseases, but these techniques rely for their effectiveness on a Mendelian distribution of the trait under investigation. We show how psychological methods can play a decisive role in making these new biological techniques available for the study of schizophrenia by expanding the phenotype (schizophrenia) to include associated behaviors that fit a model of transmission by major loci.     

THE TRUTH-DECEPTION ATTRIBUTION: EFFECTS OF FAMILIARITY ON THE ABILITY OF OBSERVERS TO DETECT DECEPTION

This study investigated the relationship between an observer's familiarity with the normal, truthful communicative behavior of an individual, and the observer's ability to detect deception on the part of that individual. Specifically, an attempt was made to provide an experimental test of the degree of linearity between familiarity and judgmental accuracy in detecting deception. After exposure to varying amounts of a communicator's normal, truthful behavior (baseline segment), observers made judgments of a communicator's veracity following observation of truthful or lying behavior (test segment). The results indicate a significant deviation from linearity in the relationship between familiarity and judgmental accuracy, and that the relationship is better described by an inverted parabolic curve (quadratic function). The possibility of information overload, the possibility of communicator-specific characteristics which provide clues to deception, and the possibility of observer fatigue were proposed as possible explanations of these results.     

THE LATERALISATION OF EMOTION: A CRITICAL REVIEW

Recent experimental investigations on patients with unilateral brain lesions and on neurologically intact people are reviewed with a view to appreciating the role of lateralised processes in emotion. Distinctions are drawn between the perception of emotion, the expression of emotion and the interaction of these two factors in studies of latéralisation. In spite of a mass of contradictory findings, and despite the interaction of structural and cognitive factors in some studies of emotion, there are some fairly robust findings. The right hemisphere seems to be specially involved in tasks requiring emotional analysis, particularly when the tone of the displayed emotion is negative. The right hemisphere, too, appears to be particularly involved in displaying some negative emotions. Among the important problems which await resolution, we do not know whether emotional events are apprehended independently of cognitive ones, nor how mood affects the “Cerebral balance of power”.     

MODESTY BIAS IN SELF-RATINGS OF PERFORMANCE: A TEST OF THE CULTURAL RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS

Although self-ratings of performance are usually higher than ratings obtained from supervisors, Farh, Dobbins, and Cheng (1991) found that Taiwanese workers exhibited modesty bias (i.e., self-ratings that were lower than supervisory ratings). They explained their findings in terms of broad cultural differences between Taiwanese and Western workers. To test this cultural relativity hypothesis, we replicated their study using data from several organizations in mainland China. As is typically found in Western research, Chinese workers showed leniency in self-ratings (i.e., self-ratings that were higher than supervisor or peer ratings), which suggests that broad cultural factors do not explain the modesty bias reported by Farh et al.