部件启动范式下可成字部件的位置效应

可成字部件在汉字中的位置和功能多种多样。实验1采用部件启动范式考察在汉字识别中可成字部件在不同位置的功能。启动刺激为处于三种位置(主要义符位置、次要义符位置、声符位置)的可成字部件, 目标刺激为包含这三种位置可成字部件的汉字, 要求被试对目标字做词汇判断。实验2结合部件启动范式和视觉搜寻范式探查可成字部件在不同位置的功能。结果表明：(1)可成字部件处在声符位置时的启动效应强于处在义符位置时。(2)可成字部件作义符时的启动作用只出现在处于主要义符位置时。(3)处在声符位置的可成字部件启动不仅促进对包含声符位置部件的汉字的识别, 还促进对包含主要义符位置部件的汉字的识别, 但阻碍对包含次要义符位置部件的汉字的识别。(4)当启动部件处于次要义符位置时, 不影响对包含相关部件的汉字的识别。整个研究表明, 部件位置效应不仅包含部件位置对汉字识别的影响, 还包含部件位置频率对汉字识别的影响。     

汉字输入法对汉字字词加工的影响研究

用形似判断和同音判断作业就输入法对汉字字词加工的影响作了考察。结果表明,汉字输入法及输入速度对小学生语文学习存在明显的影响．但这种影响作用仪表现在汉字认知加工的较低层面。具体本研究而言,纵横输入法和拼音输入法对汉字认知加工的“形”和“音”均存在影响,但前者侧重于“形”．而后者侧重于“音”。笔者认为其直接原因是学生为提高汉字输入速度所付出的额外练习(相比于输入速度低的学生)所导致的．输入法充当了一种作用载体。     

书写对阅读的影响——来自传统书写与电脑打字的证据

书写和阅读是在文字的基础上发展起来的, 二者存在共享的神经网络。书写能影响阅读, 阅读不仅依靠视觉加工, 还依赖书写运动表征。不同书写方式对阅读的影响不同, 传统书写对阅读有促进作用, 电脑打字对阅读产生了一定的消极影响。对汉字来说, 传统书写能加强汉字的正字法表征, 促进汉字阅读; 电脑打字对汉字阅读的影响尚无一致结论。未来研究可以考察传统书写与电脑打字神经机制的差异, 以及电脑打字对汉字认知加工的影响及神经机制。     

拼音自动加工和语义加工中汉字字形的激活

4个实验分别探讨了拼音自动加工和语义加工中汉字字形的激活情况。实验1和实验2采用启动范式考察拼音自动加工中汉字字形的激活情况。实验3和实验4考察拼音语义加工中汉字字形的激活情况。实验结果表明：在拼音自动加工过程中未出现字形的启动效应, 说明在拼音自动加工过程中可能未激活汉字字形信息; 在拼音语义加工过程中出现了字形的启动效应, 说明在拼音语义加工过程中激活了汉字字形信息。     

汉字加工的基本单元:来自笔画数效应和部件数效应的证据

用命名作业和真假字判断作业考察了笔画数和部件数对汉字加工的影响,发现,当部件数保持恒定时,笔画数少的汉字较笔画数多的汉字加工快,这种笔画数效应和字频之间不存在交互作用;当笔画数被控制时,部件数效应也存在,但和字频有交互作用,表现在低频少部件汉字的加工要快于低频多部件汉字的加工,而高频汉字中的部件数效应不显著。实验还发现独体字（只有一个部件）的加工和合体字（部件数大于等于二）的加工有差异。作者认为,汉字的加工要经过笔画、部件和整字三个层次,其中单位部件的笔画数和部件数影响着汉字加工时间     

汉字早期字形加工中的部件数效应

探讨部件数效应是否在汉字早期字形加工中存在。要求被试识别重复速示方式下的具有不同部件数的汉字字形。大学生为被试。在实验1中,发现4部件字比在通透性、笔画数、字频和像素数上匹配的2部件字更容易识别字形;在实验2中,2部件字的通透性比4部件字更好,此时没有识别成绩上的差异。上面的结果表明在字形加工中存在着部件数效应,它指部件越多越容易识别汉字字形。在讨论部分提出了一个字形加工的部分线索模型,它指被试可以根据汉字的部分线索(例如部件)识别整个汉字。     

对汉字字形识别层次模型的实验验证

该研究采用Ｊｏｈｎｓｔｏｎ和ＭｃＣｌｅｌｌａｎｄ的实验范式以合体汉字为实验材料对层次模型进行了实验检验。结果表明,以假字掩蔽模式代替特征掩蔽模式使字目标对部件目标的字优效应明显下降。这一结果支持了层次模型,即合体汉字的字形加工以部件识别加工为中介。但本实验还发现了真字掩蔽模式下的字优效应量比假字掩蔽模式下明显减少,这一结果表明,在字加工水平中存在着觉察器间的相互竞争。因此,合体汉字字形识别的部件中介模型有待进一步完善。     

拼音在中文学习中的作用及加工机制

拼音作为增强汉字形音转换的桥梁在中文学习和教学中被广泛应用。为深入了解拼音在中文学习中的作用及其加工机制,在系统梳理已有研究成果的基础上,分别从拼音学习对语音意识发展的影响,拼音的注音方式和呈现方式对汉字学习的影响,拼音加工的认知神经机制三个方面进行综述。研究结果表明,拼音学习可以促进语音意识的发展;不同的拼音注音方式和呈现方式会对汉字学习产生不同的影响;拼音加工的机制与汉字加工存在不同,但拼音加工的机制仍有待于进一步深入。     

汉字输入法对汉字形、音、义联结的影响

采用字形判断和拼音判断任务探讨汉字输入法对汉字形、音、义联结的影响。结果表明,长期使用某种汉字输入法会影响使用者心理词典中汉字的形、音、义联结:惯用五笔字形输入法的个体会加强汉字字形和字义的联结;惯用拼音输入法的个体会加强汉字字音和字义的联结。     

结构对称汉字识别的加工机制(Ⅱ)--部件识别的实验研究

从部件加工的角度设计了两个实验,分别运用部件启动作业和部件启动再认范式,考察了结构对称汉字识别的加工特点。结果发现：在部件加工层面也存在着显著的结构对称效应。即同一个部件,作为结构对称字的构成部件的启动效应明显大于它作为非对称字的构成部件的启动效应;作为结构对称字的构成部件被识别的反应时和错误率均显著地小于它构成非对称字时被识别的反应时和错误率。这意味着结构对称汉字中的部件(或笔画)比非对称汉字中的同样部件(或笔画)具有加工优势。显示出多层次的结构对称效应。     

文本阅读双加工理论与实验证据

文本阅读信息加工过程研究一直是国内外心理学界高度重视和关注的领域, 形成了建构主义理论、最低限度假设理论和记忆基础文本加工理论等派别百家争鸣的局面。这些理论争议的焦点在于自然阅读是主动的、积极的、目标策略驱动的过程, 还是被动的、消极的、自动的过程。在全面总结国内外心理学界有关文本阅读的研究成果的基础上, 文本阅读双加工理论提出并对文本阅读的主要争议进行了整合。该理论的核心观点是文本的自然阅读过程是连贯阅读与焦点阅读的双加工过程。文本阅读中读者所阅读的材料特点不同, 引发的阅读信息加工活动也不同, 而不同性质的阅读过程, 又会引发不同的推理整合, 从而会建构不同类型的文本表征。文本阅读双加工理论已经形成了比较完整的理论框架, 并获得了很多实验证据的支持。当然, 文本阅读双加工理论作为一个新的理论, 其中的有些观点还需要进一步检验。在未来的文本阅读研究领域, 有很多问题还需要研究者进一步关注。     

The role of rational and experiential processing in influencing the framing effect

Research on individual differences and the framing effect has focused primarily on how variability in rational processing influences choice. However, we propose that measuring only rational processing presents an incomplete picture of how participants are responding to framed options, as orthogonal individual differences in experiential processing might be relevant. In two studies, we utilize the Rational Experiential Inventory, which captures individual differences in rational and experiential processing, to investigate how both processing types influence decisions. Our results show that differences in experiential processing, but not rational processing, moderated the effect of frame on choice. We suggest that future research should more closely examine the influence of experiential processing on making decisions, to gain a broader understanding of the conditions that contribute to the framing effect.     

Sampling the process of autobiographical memory construction

In three autobiographical memory retrieval experiments participants reported the contents of consciousness to a probe presented at early and late points during retrieval. Classification of the protocols according to the specificity of the reported knowledge found that early in retrieval abstract knowledge predominated whereas at the later point, close to generation or formation of a memory, knowledge related to specific events was more frequent. For some memories very fast and full retrieval was observed at the early point and this was independent of other concurrent processing demands. These findings show that generative retrieval entails iterative access of autobiographical knowledge but this is not observed in direct retrieval.     

Effects of mood states on information processing strategies: Two studies of automatic and controlled processing using misattribution paradigms

To test the hypothesis that a positive mood facilitates automatic processing and a negative mood facilitates controlled processing, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, after positive or negative mood was induced, participants rated the attractiveness of products while listening to a music tape that they were told would have the effect of inducing a positive, negative, or neutral mood. As predicted, augmentation effects were clearer in the negative mood condition than in the positive mood condition. In Experiment 2, participants were first presented with lists of names of non-famous Japanese companies either once or four times. One or two days later, they were presented with these names again, together with new names, and were asked to judge whether those names were famous or-non-famous. As predicted, subjects in a positive mood showed more false fame judgments than those in a negative mood because those in a positive mood did not control their feeling of familiarity correctly. These results indicated that those in positive moods are more likely to engage in automatic processing.     

Language comprehenders retain implied shape and orientation of objects

According to theories of embodied cognition, language comprehenders simulate sensorimotor experiences to represent the meaning of what they read. Previous studies have shown that picture recognition is better if the object in the picture matches the orientation or shape implied by a preceding sentence. In order to test whether strategic imagery may explain previous findings, language comprehenders first read a list of sentences in which objects were mentioned. Only once the complete list had been read was recognition memory tested with pictures. Recognition performance was better if the orientation or shape of the object matched that implied by the sentence, both immediately after reading the complete list of sentences and after a 45-min delay. These results suggest that previously found match effects were not due to strategic imagery and show that details of sensorimotor simulations are retained over longer periods.     

Retention of word pairs as a function of level of processing,instruction to remember,and delay

ABSTRACT

Modern research on the efficacy of levels of processing (LoP) tasks on memory has focused on less than 1-day retention delays, while assuming that the observed benefits of deep tasks will continue across remote delays. However, direct tests of the continued benefits of deep processes for accuracy and organisation in remote memory are rare. The current set of experiments, using auditorily-presented lists of scrambled word pairs, tested whether deep LoP tasks produced better free recall and organisation over one week (Experiment 1) and four weeks (Experiments 2 and 3). All experiments revealed significant LoP effects on free recall and organisation at immediate and delayed test, with no effect of intention to remember. However, Experiments 2 and 3 revealed poor recall and organisation at the delayed tests among all of the LoP groups, suggesting that deep processing may not produce highly accessible memories over very long delays.     

梦中脑内信息加工的讨论

用信息加工的观点讨论梦中脑内信息加工的特点 ,认为梦中脑内信息加工多数是浅的自动加工 ,既有串行加工又有并行加工 ,而进入梦境的信息是串行加工的。     

知觉整体优先性的研究及其进展

知觉的性质是整体的还是分析的 ?这是心理学家们长期争论不休的问题。本世纪 70年代以来 ,一些认知心理学家提出知觉加工的整体优先性假设 ,强调整体在知觉加工中的优先地位。这一假设激发了大量整体 /局部范例的研究。本文综述了这方面的研究 ,分析了它们的理论假设 ,指出了这方面研究的局限以及替代的探讨。     

识别电位认知功能探析

识别电位(Recognition Potential, RP)是被试看到可识别视觉刺激时, 在200~250ms内达到峰值的脑电反应。识别电位的研究正处于理论探讨阶段, 有两种主要观点用于解释RP。一种观点强调RP反映了视知觉分析成分; 另一种观点强调RP反映了语义或概念加工成分。两种观点至今未达成一致。最近, 针对两种观点质疑, 研究者们提出了类别特征加工的观点, 这一新观点在理论上符合大脑经济性的原则, 具有一定的优越性, 但尚需要更多的实证研究的支持。未来的RP研究应从实验材料的多样化、多研究方法结合、类别特征加工能力的习得机制等方面展开。     

Re-Examining the Effect of Top-Down Linguistic Information on Speaker-Voice Discrimination

The current study replicated and extended the results from a study conducted by Narayan, Mak, and Bialystok (2017) that found effects of top-down linguistic information on a speaker discrimination task by examining four conditions: rhymes (day-bay), compounds (day-dream), reverse compounds (dream-day), and unrelated words (day-bee). The original study found that participants were more likely to judge two words to be spoken by the same speaker if the words cohered lexically (created lexical compounds such as day-dream) or were phonologically related (rhymes, such as day-bay), but their study contained two limitations: (a) Same- and different-speaker trials were analyzed separately, which obscures effects of response bias, and (b) cross-gender pairs were used in the different-speaker trials, potentially inflating performance. The current study addresses these limitations by including only within-gender trials and by examining sensitivity and bias using signal detection theory. Our results not only provide support of the original study but also provide clear evidence that listeners are biased to judge two words as being produced by the same person when they share either phonological information (rhymes) or lexical-semantic coherence (compounds). Thus, the current study provides an important modified replication of previous research.