学习、笔画和线索注视时间对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响

采用经高斯模糊技术处理的汉字,以命名为任务,实验一考察了事先学习以及笔画数、实验二考察了笔画数和线索注视时间对干扰效应的影响.结果发现:1.无论是否学习,汉字识别均存在于扰效应;2.无论汉字笔画多少均存在干扰效应;3.模糊线索的注视时间足够长久之后不再影响干扰效应.这些结果似乎表明当激活超过一定水平时,和汉字激活水平有关的因素对知觉干扰效应不再起作用.     

线索起点模糊水平和注视时间对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响

采用经高斯模糊技术处理的汉字,以辨认为任务,实验一考察了线索起点模糊水平和注视时间、实验二考察了线索注视时间和刺激辨认时间对知觉干扰效应的影响.结果发现:1.线索起点模糊水平的增加对汉字知觉干扰效应存在显著的影响;2.超越激活水平的最低阈值之后,线索注视时间的延长(1、2、4、6秒)不再影响知觉干扰效应;3.刺激辨认时间的延长(2、4、6秒)对知觉干扰效应影响不大.这些结果都倾向于支持失匹配假说.     

图片和汉字的激活水平及知觉干扰效应的比较

研究使用8个残缺水平下的图片及其中文名（汉字双字词）为实验材料．试图比较图片与汉字双字词识别激活水平的差异,接着比较二者产生知觉于扰效应的条件,并把二者产生知觉于扰的条件与英文单词产生知觉于扰的条件进行比较。实验一结果发现,在材料较清晰的条件下,汉字双字词的命名成绩高于图片,表明汉字双字词的激活水平不比图片低,但在材料很残缺的条件下,汉字双字词的命名成绩低于图片。实验二发现双字词和图片在没有事先学习情况下都产生知觉干扰效应,已有研究表明单个汉字无需事先学习也可以产生干扰效应,而英文单词需要事先学习。因此,图片和汉字的干扰效应与英文单词的差别跟图片、汉字的激活水平比英文单词高有关。     

空白间隔对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响

采用辨认残缺汉字的方法考察空白间隔对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响。两个实验分别考察了空白间隔的长短和不同的插入位置对汉字知觉干扰效应的影响,结果发现:(1)适当长度的空白间隔(大于等于600ms)能导致干扰效应的消失;(2)该空白间隔的位置越接近递进进程最后阶段,残缺汉字的辨认成绩越好,越不容易出现干扰。实验结果支持竞争激活假说,不支持失匹配假说。     

汉字刺激质量与语义启动间的交互作用

本研究探讨汉字刺激质量与语义启动的相互作用,深入考察汉字识别的内在机制。实验采用真假字判断范式,实验1使用语义相关词对比率较高的实验材料,实验2使用语义相关词对比率较低的实验材料,结果发现：（1）无论语义相关词对比率高还是低,均存在语义启动效应和刺激质量效应,且汉字刺激质量与语义启动之间均存在交互作用;（2）轻度模糊刺激较重度模糊刺激受到的语义启动效应更大。结果表明,即使排除了额外反馈的作用,汉字刺激质量与语义启动之间仍存在交互作用,进一步支持交互激活模型。     

图形和汉字视觉认知任务中的部分线索效应

给被试呈现一幅图的不完整信息作为线索会干扰被试对图形的辨认,这是一种部分线索效应。实验一的任务是对模糊图形的辨认,在轮廓相似组图形中,部分线索的干扰作用随呈现模糊级次数的增加而更加显著,但在轮廓非相似组图形中,模糊级呈现次数为２次和３次的情况下,也表现出了显著的部分线索效应。实验二在不完整汉字识别任务中进一步考察了部分线索效应,在事先学习的条件下,形状相似字组汉字的辨认表现出了显著的部分线索效应,而意义相似字组和随机字组汉字的辨认表现出了部分线索的促进作用。在事先不学习的条件下,随机字组和形状相似字组汉字的辨认表现出了显著的部分线索效应,而意义相似字组汉字的辨认没有表现出显著的部分线索效应。本研究用激活的观点对这些结果做出了合理的解释。     

知觉模糊度影响学习的延迟效应

基于迁移适当加工理论,采用连续识别任务范式,通过操纵字词和图片的模糊度来考察知觉模糊非流畅的延迟效应。结果发现：（1）模糊不流畅的材料学习判断值更低;（2） 知觉模糊程度对即时的再认成绩没有影响,但在延迟再认测试中流畅性较低的模糊材料成绩更好。该结果表明实验操纵方式所引发的编码过程和记忆测试所需的检索过程性质上相匹配,而且延迟测试时,知觉非流畅可以促进学习,说明该效应存在边界。     

低频汉字词语的反知觉干扰效应

为了考察记忆的知觉干扰效应机制,实验采用“学习-测验”范式,探索了在不同程度视觉干扰条件下,再认测验里低频汉字及双字词的记忆成绩。结果发现：（1）在对低频汉字的记忆中,知觉干扰条件引起了“反知觉干扰效应”,知觉干扰条件削弱了对汉字的记忆;（2）低频双字词不存在记忆的“反知觉干扰效应”。结果可以解释为,记忆的知觉干扰效应反映语音加工优势。     

汉字识别侧抑制效应的实验研究

以汉字作为实验材料,采用侧抑制任务范式,考察了不同性质冲突任务下的汉字识别情况.结果发现:反应冲突条件下的反应时显著长于无冲突条件,侧抑制效应非常明显;刺激冲突任务中,只有字音干扰条件表现出了侧抑制效应,字形和字义干扰条件下的反应时与无冲突条件均无显著差异.实验结果说明,侧抑制效应可能受认知加工阶段的影响;汉字字音与形、义特征的加工过程可能并不相同,语音的激活可能要早于语义和字形的激活.     

低-高年级小学生汉字识别中形音义激活的时间进程

以小学儿童为被试,基于语义和字形的启动范畴判断作业,考察儿童高频汉字识别中形音义信息激活的情况,结果表明:(1)在瑶语儿童汉字识别中,字形促进效应最为显著,语音的激活效应虽较明显,但难以区分音、义的时间进程;(2)随年龄增加儿童语义的激活效应不断加强;(3)形音激活时间既受汉字使用频率、实验任务、被试影响,也受SOA、实验基线及第一母语的影响。     

汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应

采用词汇判断法、命名法考察汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应。结果发现,在词汇判断任务中存在着多义词较单义词的识别优势,但这种识别优势只表现在低频词中。在命名任务中未发现多义词的识别优势。作者根据分布表征模型的观点对双字多义词的识别优势效应做出了可能的解释。     

地震经历对插入空白间隔的汉字知觉干扰效应的影响

以插入空白间隔的汉字知觉干扰效应为实验范式, 探讨了不同长短的空白间隔对地震相关字和无关字的影响。结果发现：(1)在实验组中, 与地震无关字相比, 被试对地震相关字有更高的识别率; 而在对照组中, 被试对地震相关字和无关字的识别率差异不显著。(2) 450 ms的间隔能导致地震无关字干扰效应的消失, 却不会对地震相关字的识别造成干扰。本研究支持竞争激活假说, 并为情绪驱动知觉加工的观点提供证据。     

Age of acquisition affects early orthographic processing during Chinese character recognition

Three experiments investigated age of acquisition (AoA) effects on early orthographic processing during Chinese character recognition. In Experiment 1, we measured the accuracy of identification of brief masked characters, accuracy was higher for early compared to late acquired characters. In Experiment 2, the visual duration threshold (VDT) was measured for both early and late acquired Chinese characters. The results showed that early acquired characters were successfully identified at shorter display durations than late acquired characters. Significant AoA effects were also found in Experiment 3, using a lexical decision task requiring mainly orthographic processing (discriminating real Chinese characters from orthographically illegal and unpronounceable characters). In summary, three experiments provide converging empirical evidence, for AoA effects on the early orthographic processing stages of Chinese character recognition. These results suggest that AoA effects during word identification go beyond the phonological or semantic processing stages. These results aslo provide cross-linguistic evidence for an AoA effect on early perceptual processing during identification.     

Material-specific perceptual interference for visual words and faces: implications for models of capacity limitations, attention, and laterality

Four experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that perceptual interference effects would be greatest among items that are processed by the same hemisphere than among items processed by different hemispheres. Recognition of two peripheral faces, flanked on either side of a central item that also had to be identified, was worse when the item was a face than when the item was a word. The opposite results were obtained for peripheral word identification by naming (Experiment 1). Identical results were obtained when a nonsense form was substituted for the central face (Experiment 2). Since unfamiliar faces and nonsense forms are processed primarily by the right hemisphere and words are processed by the left, the results are consistent with the hypothesis. The interference effect was the same even when the central nonsense shape was identified by naming, suggesting that the locus of the effect is not at response selection (Experiment 3). Ignoring the central item only reduces the interference effects but does not eliminate it (Experiment 4). Although in general words were perceived better in the right visual field, and faces were perceived better in the left, small fluctuations in the magnitude but not in the direction of perceptual asymmetries were sometimes noted with changes in the central item. The fluctuations were usually opposite to those predicted by attentional models of perceptual asymmetries.     

Object identification in preschool children and adults

We introduce computer-based methodologies for investigating object identification in 3- to 5-year-old children. In two experiments, preschool children and adults indicated when they could identify degraded pictures of common objects as those pictures either gradually improved or degraded in clarity. Clarity transformations were implemented in four ways: blurring, decreasing the picture's physical size, decreasing the pixel signal-to-noise ratio, and cropping. In Experiment 1, all age groups correctly identified objects at a more degraded state when those objects began moderately, as opposed to very, degraded and then clarified. This finding supports the notion that previous perceptual hypotheses interfere with object identification (i.e. the perceptual interference effect). In Experiment 2, children, but not adults, overestimated their ability to recognize objects in a degraded state when the object's identity was given to them beforehand. This suggests that for young children knowledge of the object's true identity cannot be ignored when evaluating their current perceptions. This is the first demonstration of the perceptual interference effect in children. We discuss both methodological and theoretical implications of the findings for research on object perception and theory of mind.     

基线选择影响词语认知启动实验结果的研究

探讨了词语认知启动实验中,启动基线的选择问题。一项有关汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的实验表明：是采用无关字启动还是采用图形符号启动作为衡量启动效应的基线,会对词语认知启动实验的结果产生不同的影响。根据本研究结果,对词语认知启动实验中基线的选择问题提出了建议。     

The role of category information in word identification: A parallel decision model

Four experiments consider the role of semantic category information in word identification using a serial classification reaction time paradigm. Experimental variables were manipulated by varying the semantic properties of blocks of trials and the target search instructions. Experiments 1, 2, and 3 investigated the facilitation on target word recognition of manipulating the categorical homogeneity of the nontarget words. An homogeneous nontarget set facilitated the classification of unrelated target words. This category contrast effect was obtained in all conditions, although its magnitude depended upon target search instructions. Experiment 3 also investigated whether word identification was inhibited if subjects were prevented from utilizing the category information to distinguish target from nontarget words. Target and nontarget word identification was slower under such conditions. Experiment 4 demonstratd that both the category contrast and category interference effects were dependent upon the use of short response-stimulus intervals to define a functional semantic background. This suggests the category effects are perceptual in nature. Current models of word recognition cannot easily explain the findings. A committee decision model is outlined to accommodate the data; the model proposes that visual analysis, identification, and categorization proceed in parallel.