中国近二十年来教师人格研究述评

教师人格作为教师心理研究的重要内容之一,引起了我国心理学工作者的广泛关注。笔者以近二十年来我国教师人格研究的文献为基础,对教师人格的研究方法、优秀教师的人格特征、影响教师人格的因素、教师人格与学生发展的关系、教师人格与教师心理健康五个方面进行了回顾,在反思教师人格研究现状的基础上,对教师人格的研究内容、研究方法和成果应用三个方面进行了展望。     

工读学校学生心理健康问题分析及其教育对策研究

工读学校学生目前在心理健康方面,主要存在学习动机低下、学业成绩差、人际交往不良、情绪不稳定、人格偏差、性心理不健康等问题,结合现存的问题,根据我国有关心理健康教育的政策法规,需要建立工读学生心理健康教育的和谐氛围,这就要妥善处理好学习与心理健康、自我与同伴以及自我与社会等的关系,作者提出了工读学校在开展心理健康教育中需要注意的问题,为有关部门开展该方面工作提供参考.     

三维干预促进小学生心理健康的研究

为了探索有效的小学生心理健康教育模式,以昆明市两所普通小学分别作为实验组和对照组进行了为期两年的实验研究,对影响小学生心理健康的主要因素:教师、家长和学生自身三个子系统进行了多侧面的三维干预。结果表明:(1)实验组学生比对照组学生的总体一般焦虑水平下降;(2)学习适应性提高;(3)问题行为症候群的学生人数和问题行为比干预前明显减少。验证了教师、家长、学生三维干预结合模式对促进小学生心理健康的有效性。     

论学生对教师心理健康的影响及对策

近年来,教师的心理健康问题成为研究的热点。教师与学生是教育教学过程中的两大主体,两者在教育教学中诸多方面必然存在高相关。学生也是影响教师心理健康的一个重要因素。因此,从师生互动论的角度,提出学生的人格、行为和课堂气氛对教师的心理健康问题的影响和一些对策,以期引起更多研究者对这方面问题的关注。     

大学生网络成瘾者人格特征和心理健康水平的研究

研究影响大学生网络成瘾的人格特征和心理健康因素,选取网络成瘾的24名大学生进行16PF、SCL-90的问卷调查,并和对照组比较.结果发现在人格特征上,成瘾组在乐群性、稳定性、怀疑性和独立性有别于对照组;在心理健康水平上,成瘾组在抑郁和敌对等项目得分要高于对照组.成瘾组心理健康水平低于对照组,具有不良的人格特征.     

中西方心理健康标准的比较与整合

心理健康标准是心理健康研究中的重要理论问题。比较中西方心理健康标准,在研究恩路、自我观念、人格观念等方面存在差异,在重视人际关系的和谐、重视对自我和现实的认识、重视对人生意义的探索等方面有相似之处。整合中西方心理健康标准应重视探讨社会群体的心理健康标准;引导青少年树立正确的自我观念;塑造具有独立性与创造性的现代社会人格。     

小学教师期望对学生人格的影响:学生知觉的中介作用

以1260名小学生为被试,采用问卷法探讨小学教师期望对人格的影响,以及学生知觉在教师期望对人格影响中的中介效应。结果表明:(1)教师期望各维度与人格的智能特征、认真自控、外倾性和亲社会性均有显著正相关,品行和纪律期望维度与人格的情绪稳定性相关不显著。(2)学业期望对人格的智能特征、外倾性和情绪稳定性预测作用最大,品行期望对认真自控预测作用最大,纪律期望对亲社会性预测作用最大。(3)小学生知觉在教师期望对人格智能特征、认真自控、外倾性、亲社会性影响中起部分中介作用,在教师期望对人格情绪稳定性影响中不存在中介效应。     

学习不良学生的心理健康及其干预

学习不良自６０年代成为教育蜀及心理学界关注的热点问题后,人们对学习不良学生的帮助主要是在学业技能的发展及矫治方面,而学习不良学生的社会性及情绪方面则被忽视了,只是在近期人们才提出应该对学习不良的社会技能进行干预,并开始特别注意学习不良学生的心理健康问题。研究成果已经揭示了学习不良学生心理健康的侧面;同时,在如何改善学习不良学生的心理健康状况方面,也形成了一些见解。该就是对这些研究成果的评介。     

学习不良学生的心理健康及其干预

学习不良自60年代成为教育界及心理学界关注的热点问题后,人们对学习不良学生的帮助主要是在学业技能的发展及矫治方面,而学习不良学生的社会性及情绪方面则被忽视了,只是在近期人们才提出应该对学习不良者的社会技能进行干预,并开始特别注意学习不良学生的心理健康问题。研究成果已经揭示了学习不良学生心理健康的侧面;同时,在如何改善学习不良学生的心理健康状况方面,也形成了一些见解。该文就是对这些研究成果的评介。     

儿童青少年品行障碍研究综述

对品行障碍的界定 ,已经形成共识是 :(1)品行障碍的发病对象是 18岁以下的青少年 ;(2 )品行障碍是一种问题行为 ;(3)这种问题行为是与社会规范和社会基本准则相背离的 ,是个体社会化不良的结果 ,个体社会化的程度和水平是品行障碍的主要诊断标准。在个体社会化的进程中 ,涉及的往往是个体与社会、与他人的关系 ,这就为品行障碍的研究提供了一个基本的研究视角 ,研究者们正是基于对以上两组相互关系的认识对品行障碍加以分类 ,一是三分法 ,将品行障碍分为反社会性行为、攻击性行为和对抗性行为 ;一是二分法 ,将品行障碍分为反社会性行为和攻…     

不同阶层心理健康观念及需求状况的调查研究

运用开放式和封闭式问卷调查法 ,对不同阶层共 483人的心理健康观念及心理健康需求状况进行了调查研究。结果表明 :( 1 )不同阶层、不同年龄段的人关于心理健康标准的观念具有显著差异。 ( 2 )人们认为 ,心理健康的人应具有的最典型特征是“处世乐观、热情、诚恳”和“心平气和、与世无争、乐于助人”。 ( 3 )心理不健康的人或心理变态的人所表现的最典型特征是“性格孤僻、与人不合群”和“对生活失去信心、悲观”。 ( 4)虽然不少人认为心理健康与咨询工作者当前最急需开展的工作是“宣传心理健康知识、开展心理卫生服务” ,但只有极少的人能够正视自己的心理健康需求 ,提出自己需要心理健康服务或咨询。     

Negative and Positive Emotion Responses to Daily School Problems: Links to Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms

Examining emotion reactivity and recovery following minor problems in daily life can deepen our understanding of how stress affects child mental health. This study assessed children’s immediate and delayed emotion responses to daily problems at school, and examined their correlations with psychological symptoms. On 5 consecutive weekdays, 83 fifth graders (M = 10.91 years, SD = 0.53, 51% female) completed brief diary forms 5 times per day, providing repeated ratings of school problems and emotions. They also completed a one-time questionnaire about symptoms of depression, and parents and teachers rated child internalizing and externalizing problems. Using multilevel modeling techniques, we assessed within-person daily associations between school problems and negative and positive emotion at school and again at bedtime. On days when children experienced more school problems, they reported more negative emotion and less positive emotion at school, and at bedtime. There were reliable individual differences in emotion reactivity and recovery. Individual-level indices of emotion responses derived from multilevel models were correlated with child psychological symptoms. Children who showed more negative emotion reactivity reported more depressive symptoms. Multiple informants described fewer internalizing problems among children who showed better recovery by bedtime, even after controlling for children’s average levels of exposure to school problems. Diary methods can extend our understanding of the links between daily stress, emotions and child mental health. Recovery following stressful events may be an important target of research and intervention for child internalizing problems.     

Adult attachment styles and psychological disease: examining the mediating role of personality traits

The aim of the present study was to examine differences in anxiety and depression related to differences in attachment models of the self and of others and whether personality traits mediate this relationship. The authors assessed attachment styles, anxiety, depression, and personality traits among 274 adult volunteers. Participants were classified into 4 attachment groups (secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing-avoidant) according to K. Bartholomew's (1990) model. The present authors found significant differences among attachment groups on anxiety and depressive symptoms with attachment styles involving a negative self-model showing higher scores than attachment styles characterized by a positive self-model. The authors also found that differences between attachment styles in anxiety and depression remained significant when personality factors related to attachment prototypes were entered as covariates. Results indicate that secure attachment in adults was associated with better mental health, while insecure attachment styles characterized by negative thinking about the self were associated with higher depression and anxiety scores. Our findings seem to evidence that attachment and personality are only partly overlapping and that attachment cannot be considered as redundant with personality in the explanation of psychological disease.     

高校教师人格对心理资本与心理健康的影响研究

该研究探讨高校教师人格对心理资本与心理健康状况的影响。研究对南昌三所高校270名教师进行了心理资本、症状自评量表和人格测验,分别用SPSSl7．0和LISREL$．71进行了t检验和建构了结构方程模型。结果表明,心理资本、心理健康和人格测验分数的性别差异、职称差异不显著,t值在0．11到1．28之间,均有P〉0．05。大学教师人格的三个维度均对其心理健康与心理资本有中等程度的影响,E维度和P雏度对心理健康的影响系数为-0．39和0．52;E雏度、N维度和P维度对心理资本的影响系数为0．54、-0．43和0．52;人格E、N、P维度经心理资本的部分中介作用,时心理健康的间接效应是-0．23、0．18和O．23,t值分别为-3．25、2．96和3．25,P值均小于O．01。结论：大学教师的人格与其心理资本和心理健康问题具有紧密的关联性。关注大学教师的心理健康问题。必须同时关注他们的人格与心理资本的问题。     

君子不忧不惧：君子人格与心理健康——自我控制与真实性的链式中介

基于儒学经典命题提出君子人格通过自我控制与真实性的链式中介对心理健康产生正向效应的假设, 运用多种方法进行验证(总样本量为1169)。结果表明, 君子人格正向预测同时测量的心理健康(研究1)和6个月后测量的自尊、核心自我评价、情感平衡, 负向预测心理症状(研究4); 君子人格正向预测自我控制特质(研究1)和自我控制决策(研究3和研究4), 受到情境模拟操纵的自我控制提升心理健康与真实性(研究2), 受到回忆启动操纵的真实性提升心理健康(研究3); 链式中介作用也得到了同时和跨时间点测量、统计控制和实验控制等多方法结果的支持。君子人格水平较高的人, 更易自我控制, 由此感到自己的行为与真实自我更加一致与贯通, 因此具有更积极的心理状态。     

Parents’ postnatal depressive symptoms and their children's academic attainment at 16 years: Pathways of risk transmission

The aim of the study was to examine whether parents’ increased postnatal depressive symptoms predicted children's academic attainment over time and whether the parent–child relationship, children's prior academic attainment, and mental health mediated this association. We conducted secondary analyses on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children data (12,607 mothers, 9,456 fathers). Each parent completed the Edinburgh-Postnatal Depression Scale at 8 weeks after the child's birth (predictor) and a questionnaire about the mother–child and father–child relationship at 7 years and 1 month (mediator). The children's mental health problems were assessed with the teacher version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at 10–11 years (mediator). We used data on the children's academic attainment on UK Key Stage 1 (5–7 years; mediator) and Key Stage 4 (General Certificate of Secondary Education 16 years) (outcome). We adjusted for the parents’ education, and child gender and cognitive ability. The results revealed that parents’ depressive symptoms at 8 weeks predicted lower academic performance in children at 16 years. Mothers’ postnatal depressive symptoms had an indirect effect through children's mental health problems on academic outcomes at 16 years via negative mother–child relationship, and prior academic attainment. There was a significant negative indirect effect of fathers’ postnatal depressive symptoms on academic attainment at 16 years via negative father–child relationship on child mental health. The findings suggest that the family environment (parental mental health and parent–child relationship) and children's mental health should be potential targets for support programmes for children of depressed parents.     

Forgiveness and mental health variables: Interpreting the relationship using an adaptational-continuum model of personality and coping

The present paper uses an adaptational-continuum model of personality, based on Ferguson’s (2001) health psychology model integrating Eysenck personality factors and coping style, to provide a context for examining the relationship between forgiveness and mental health. Three hundred and twenty respondents completed measures of personality, coping style, forgiveness (forgiveness of self, others, likelihood, presence of positive forgiveness, absence of negative forgiveness), general health, stress, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Among respondents, all measures of forgiveness, bar one, load negatively on a neuroticism-coping factor. The remaining measure of forgiveness (presence of positive forgiveness) loaded on an extraversion-coping factor. The relationship of the neuroticism-coping-forgiveness factor was associated with poorer mental health, suggesting forgiveness is associated with better mental health within the context of this personality-coping factor. Significant positive relationships were found between the extraversion-coping-forgiveness factor and two measures of positive mental health outcomes (positive affect and life satisfaction) suggesting forgiveness is associated with some aspects of mental health within the context of this personality-coping factor. The present findings suggest that forgiveness, or failure to forgive, can be conceptualised within an adaptational-continuum model of personality.     

The illness concept in adolescent psychiatry

This paper introduces some important views on the clinical entities of the adolescent psychiatry in Japan. Shimizu shows the transitional region between neurosis, schizophrenia and normal. Murakami's new classification tells the relationship among the psychiatric disorders, especially about the borderline disorder. Hatotani's scheme deals with the atypical psychoses very well. According to the idea of Griesinger's "Einheitspsychose" arranges my symptomatic picture several ambiguous symptoms of the adolescent psychiatric disorders. In this picture we can understand the meaning of the borderline disorder. At last I give the catastrophic model of psychiatric disorders.