鼻咽癌的姑息治疗

鼻咽癌诊断的复杂性及诊断水平的限制,很多的患者确诊时已是中晚期.姑息治疗作为一种新的医疗模式,能减轻鼻咽癌患者的痛苦,提高生存质量.姑息治疗的发展将提高癌症治疗效果,为患者带来希望.     

台湾地区姑息医学制度的建立及法律实践

姑息治疗在提高晚期癌症患者生活质量、实施临终关怀、给予病人及其家属全面周到的照顾诸方面起着重要作用。在台湾,已为姑息治疗立法并实施了10年,积累了丰富的经验。这项法律本身及其细则、附件等配套文件使姑息治疗更加规范可行。研究规范的姑息治疗及台湾的相关法律可以帮助我们更好的理解姑息治疗的理念,帮助发展大陆同道构建有效实用的...     

终末期患者的姑息性镇静治疗——安宁疗护的理念与用药

终末期患者的镇痛和镇静治疗是姑息治疗的重要部分。近20年来,在国家各级卫生行政部门的领导下,通过医护人员的努力,癌痛诊疗水平已经有了较大的提高。姑息性镇静旨在缓解终末期患者难治性症状的痛苦。这个过程并不会加速死亡过程。关于姑息性镇静的伦理学问题,尤其是在用于治疗存在痛苦,仍然受到广泛的争论。目前,国内针对终末期患者的姑息性镇静治疗研究才处于起步阶段,相关治疗经验较少。本文就近年来国内外有关姑息性镇静的争议与共识进行探讨。     

鼻咽癌治疗方法的比较

鼻咽癌是我国南方省市最常见的头颈恶性肿瘤,放疗为其首选治疗方案,但患者五年生存率仍然不高。本文阅读国内外对鼻咽癌多种治疗方案的报道,结合湘雅医院、湘雅二医院对鼻咽癌某些治疗方案,通过分析对比不同治疗方案的疗效、患者生存质量及费用,讨论该病的最佳治疗方案,以期能在目前条件下提高鼻咽癌患者的治疗效果及生存质量。     

鼻咽癌治疗方法的比较

鼻咽癌是我国南方省市最常见的头颈恶性肿瘤,放疗为其首选治疗方案,但患者五年生存率仍然不高.本文阅读国内外对鼻咽癌多种治疗方案的报道,结合湘雅医院、湘雅二医院对鼻咽癌某些治疗方案,通过分析对比不同治疗方案的疗效、患者生存质量及费用,讨论该病的最佳治疗方案,以期能在目前条件下提高鼻咽癌患者的治疗效果及生存质量.     

现代姑息医学内涵在实践中的演化

积极开展姑息医学服务已成肿瘤临床工作者的共同实践,并使其在实践中得到发展。姑息医学在肿瘤整体治疗中的作用和地位已逐渐受到同行的认同,提高了肿瘤工作者对姑息医学实践的参与热情,使业内有识之士从全新的角度对姑息医学的内涵进行审视。本文拟结合姑息医学的发展历程及不同分期肿瘤患者姑息治疗的内容介绍现代姑息医学内涵的演化过程。     

现代姑息医学内涵在实践中的演化

积极开展姑息医学服务已成肿瘤临床工作者的共同实践,并使其在实践中得到发展.姑息医学在肿瘤整体治疗中的作用和地位已逐渐受到同行的认同.提高了肿瘤工作者对姑息医学实践的参与热情.使业内有识之士从全新的角度对姑息医学的内涵进行审视.本文拟结合姑息医学的发展历程及不同分期肿瘤患者姑息治疗的内容介绍现代姑息医学内涵的演化过程.     

台湾地区姑息医学制度的建立及法律实践

姑息治疗在提高晚期癌症患者生活质量、实施临终关怀、给予病人及其家属全面周到的照顾诸方面起着重要作用.在台湾,已为姑息治疗立法并实施了10年,积累了丰富的经验.这项法律本身及其细则、附件等配套文件使姑息治疗更加规范可行.研究规范的姑息治疗及台湾的相关法律可以帮助我们更好的理解姑息治疗的理念,帮助发展大陆同道构建有效实用的姑息治疗体系.     

姑息止痛治疗在悉尼

对中国北京与澳大利亚悉尼市姑息止痛治疗进行比较,发现并借鉴悉尼市的先进经验,改进国内姑息止痛治疗,减轻患者痛苦.用半年时间考察悉尼市各级医院的姑息治疗情况,重点是止痛治疗.内容包括姑息医学的医疗服务体系、姑息团队、药物止痛治疗、社区服务、家庭访问等,与北京的姑息止痛治疗现状进行比较,发现主要特点.悉尼市已形成健全的姑息医学服务系统,有专业的姑息止痛治疗团队长期从事止痛治疗.改善生活质量贯穿患者止痛治疗的始终,已形成个体化的止痛治疗模式.对生活质量的关注应贯穿姑息治疗的始终,止痛治疗需要个体化.     

姑息止痛治疗在悉尼

对中国北京与澳大利亚悉尼市姑息止痛治疗进行比较,发现并借鉴悉尼市的先进经验,改进国内姑息止痛治疗,减轻患者痛苦。用半年时间考察悉尼市各级医院的姑息治疗情况,重点是止痛治疗。内容包括姑息医学的医疗服务体系、姑息团队、药物止痛治疗、社区服务、家庭访问等,与北京的姑息止痛治疗现状进行比较,发现主要特点。悉尼市已形成健全的姑息医学服务系统,有专业的姑息止痛治疗团队长期从事止痛治疗。改善生活质量贯穿患者止痛治疗的始终,已形成个体化的止痛治疗模式。对生活质量的关注应贯穿姑息治疗的始终,止痛治疗需要个体化。     

食管癌术后心律失常相关因素分析

为了探讨影响食管癌术后心律失常的相关因素,观察了术后心律失常的发生与患者年龄（≥65岁）、性别、吸烟、术前合并症、肺功能、心电图（EKG）改变、低血钾、术后24小时失血量及手术方式的关系。结果显示,318例食管癌术后心律失常发生率为47．48％。年龄（≥65岁）、FEV1／FVC≤70%和／或MVV％≤60％、术前ECG异常、术前血钾≤4．0mmol／L、术后24小时失血≥500ml及手术方式与术后心律失常的发生相关。提示术前改善低心肺功能、纠正低血钾、减少术中出血,高龄患者和多切口手术方式者术后加强监护,可预防和减少术后心律失常发生。     

喉癌临床治疗的辨证思维--浅谈当前临床医学为什么需要哲学

喉癌是耳鼻喉科常见的肿瘤,在喉癌的病因与预防、手术发展史、手术方式的选择及术后随访干预各个方面无不渗透着辩证的思维方法.哲学对于当前临床医学是十分重要的.     

解读《恶性肿瘤骨转移及骨相关疾病临床诊疗专家共识》

肿瘤专业工作者不仅要关注患者的抗癌治疗,同时也要关注他们的康复与姑息治疗,骨转移是肿瘤患者的常见转移病灶。《恶性肿瘤骨转移及骨相关疾病临床诊疗专家共识》（2007年版）适时地对恶性肿瘤骨转移及骨相关疾病提出了指导性意见,体现了肿瘤的综合治疗原则,其特点为：（1）多学科合作的结晶;（2）以高级别循证医学证据为基础;（3）突出了实践性和可操作性。和一切“诊断规范”一样,《共识》一方面对指导肿瘤科及其他相关科室医师们的临床实践发挥积极作用,同时又需要在实践中继续得到检验。     

Desires in Palliative Medicine. Five Models of the Physician‐Patient Interaction on Palliative Treatment Related to Hellenistic Therapies of Desire

In this paper, we explore the desires that play a role at the palliative stage and relate them to various approaches to patient autonomy. What attitude can physicians and other caregivers take to the desires of patients at the palliative stage? We examine this question by introducing five physicians who are consulted by Jackie, an imaginary patient with metastatic lung carcinoma. By combining the models of the physician-patient relationship developed by Emanuel and Emanuel (1992) and the Hellenistic approaches to desires analyzed by Nussbaum (1994), five different ways of dealing with desires in the context of palliative care are sketched. The story of Jackie shows that desires are to a certain extent responsive to reasoning. In the palliative process, that can be a reason to devote attention to the desires of patients and caregivers and to determine which desires need to be fulfilled, which are less important, and how they are linked to emotions the patient has.     

LKB1蛋白在食管鳞癌组织中的表达及意义

为了探讨肝激酶B1（LKB1）蛋白在食管鳞癌组织中的表达水平及其与食管鳞癌临床特征及生存期的关系,应用免疫组化方法检测120例食管鳞癌患者组织中LKB1蛋白表达情况并对诸多临床特征进行相关性分析研究,发现LKB1蛋白在食管癌旁正常组织的阳性表达率高于癌组织;LKB1蛋白表达与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、病变长度及浸润深度无关而与分化程度、淋巴结转移及临床分期（TNM）相关,且LKB1蛋白阴性组预后较阳性组差.可见LKB1视为抑癌基因影响食管鳞癌的预后,可能成为食管鳞癌新型的临床预后指标之一.     

Utilization of Genetic Testing for <Emphasis Type="Italic">RET</Emphasis> Mutations in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: a Single-Center Experience

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is often due to the hereditary condition multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) and it is standard of care to offer genetic testing to all diagnosed patients. This study used the Kaiser Permanente integrated medical record system to identify patients at risk for MEN2, assess adherence to clinical practice guidelines, and offer genetic counseling and testing. A query of the electronic medical records system identified patients with MTC. All patients with MTC who had not had RET gene testing, as well as patients who had positive RET gene testing, but had not yet had genetic counseling, were contacted and offered a genetics consultation. The query identified 142 patients with MTC. Fifty-six (40%) of those patients had not had the RET testing that all endocrine professional groups recommend. Forty-nine patients were eligible for the outreach, and, from this, 14 patients were scheduled for genetic counseling. Of the 94 individuals at our institution who had RET genetic testing, 25 (27%) were positive for a mutation. Of the 82 apparently sporadic cases, 13 (16%) carried a RET mutation. A family history of endocrine cancer and younger age at diagnosis significantly increased the risk carrying a RET mutation. However, approximately half of RET-positive patients did not have a significant family history of cancer and one-third were over age 50 at diagnosis. This study concludes that a significant proportion of patients with MTC are not receiving standard of care genetic testing and reinforces previous research that sporadic-appearing cases of MTC are often, in fact, hereditary.     

1例晚期肿瘤患者宁养服务浅谈

通过提供居家宁养护理指导和心理疏导的方法,为晚期癌症患者提供身、心、灵全方位的照顾,从而提高晚期癌症患者的生活质量。通过对1例晚期肿瘤患者进行症状控制、护理指导、心理疏导、灵性沟通,该晚期肿瘤患者及家属的自身照顾能力提高,晚期肿瘤患者在生命末期的生活质量有所提高,最终达到善终。身心灵的照顾在宁养服务中起重要作用,有利于患者生活质量的提高,但仍要根据患者的个体特点并掌握一定技巧。     

晚期喉癌患者的个体化治疗和心理干预

晚期喉癌患者往往伴有严重的心理负担。这种负性心理状态因疾病的特殊性以及患者本身个体就医背景的差异而产生有别于其他癌症的个体特征。把握患者的个体负性心理状态,运用相应的心理干预措施,使患者的期望和医生的治疗目的趋向统一,将有助于晚期喉癌个体化治疗模式的有效实施。     

The findings of the Dartmouth Atlas Project: a challenge to clinical and ethical excellence in end-of-life care

The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice Atlas Project found "staggering variations" in the quality and quantity of end-of-life care provided to Medicare patients with severe chronic illness across the United States. Particularly concerning is the finding that more care is provided to patients who live in "high-supply" areas, irrespective of the effectiveness of care, and that more care often equaled inappropriate care that increased patients' suffering at the end of life. Patients in "lower supply" areas typically received better, more appropriate levels of care and reported higher levels of satisfaction with the care they received.     

非识字高龄患者住院中的需求对策相关性研究

探讨患者的需求与对策。应用会谈法收集资料,教育患者认知所患疾病相关知识、帮助患者和家属适应住院环境、支持家属对患者的生活护理、缓解患者心理紧张情绪、协助患者遵从医疗护理服务行为、照顾患者口服用药过程、满足患者治疗过程中的需求、加强护理操作周边作业的督导,进而提出了满足需求对策的依据。