Reclaiming Desire: Love Is Not Enough

How may desire be disrupted in a person's life and how may it be reclaimed in treatment? To what degree are the dynamics of therapeutic action predicated on the relational aspects of treatment versus time-honored understandings of the reconfiguration of dynamic forces within the psyche? These questions are considered in the context of a discussion of a detailed clinical case. The paper suggests that although much may be gained in the love and the “new outcome” experienced in treatment, an essential function of interpretation is to enable desire to be reclaimed from entrapment in relational demands and obligations from the past and within the treatment relationship. In this manner, analytic treatment mirrors a developmental a trajectory that begins in complex relational exchanges, but from which emerges—in the best of circumstances—an individual whose possession of his or her own mind and desire has derived from, and yet is independent of, the specific relational foundations in which desire was shaped.     

Knowing Is Not Enough

I consider the rule of assertion according to which knowledge is sufficient for epistemically proper assertion. I examine a counterexample to this rule recently proposed by Jennifer Lackey. I present three responses to this counterexample. The first two, I argue, highlight some flaws in the counterexample. But the third response fails. The lessons I draw from examining these three responses allow me to propose two counterexamples to the sufficiency rule that are similar to Lackey’s but avoid its problems.     

Knowledge Is Not Enough

Discussions of the role of intuition in philosophical methodology typically proceed within the knowledge-centred framework of mainstream analytic epistemology. Either implicitly or explicitly, the primary questions in metaphilosophy frequently seem to revolve around whether or not intuition is a source of justification, evidence, or knowledge. I argue that this Standard Framework is inappropriate for methodological purposes: the epistemic standards that govern inquiry in philosophy are more stringent than the standards that govern everyday cognition. The experimentalist should instead view her criticisms as analogous to calls for the use of double-blinding in science.     

Individual Personality and Emotional Readiness Characteristics Associated with Marriage Preparation Outcomes of Perceived Helpfulness and Change

Little is known about the characteristics of individual participants for whom particular marriage preparation interventions are most helpful and change producing. Data collected from 1,655 intervention participants via the online RELATionship Evaluation Questionnaire (RELATE) were used to analyze the association of eight individual personality characteristics with perceived helpfulness and positive change resulting from participation in four marriage preparation interventions (classes, community workshops, premarital counseling, self-directed) and whether this association would also be related to gender, age, and education of the participants. General linear modeling (GLM) analysis revealed different patterns of prediction for each type of intervention. Kindness was identified most often, predicting perceived change in individual, couple, and context areas among community workshop participants, perceived couple-level change, and helpfulness among self-directed participants, and perceived individual-level change among class participants. No factors significantly predicted perceived helpfulness and change among premarital counseling participants. Implications for premarital interventions are discussed.     

There Is But One Love We Share

SUMMARY

The spiritual void of our culture, the dependency that maintains the isolation, and gives rise to the violence that permeates from individual to personal relationships to national policy, is examined. As an antidote, the article explores development of inner lives of awareness and connectedness with all that exists that begins with each person, leads to the qualities that are the groundwork for peaceful relationships. Special emphasis is given to the moral responsibility of clinicians who hope to be serving others.     

汉字特征内隐学习的初步实验研究

在汉字特征识别的范围内,在高强度练习和正确反馈条件下探讨内隐学习汉字的某些特点。实验采用了一种测量内隐和外显学习的特征分类方法．这些特征包括汉字的笔划维度（显著性特征）和汉字的偏好维度（非显著性特征）。实验结果发现：汉字偏好特征的学习,内隐组被试表现出更大的底层规则的迁移;汉字的偏好特征还表现出高潜力的内隐知识。     

内隐记忆研究的新进展:概念、实验和模型

本文回顾了近年来内隐记忆研究的新进展。内隐记忆概念的描述性和模糊性正受到研究者的批评。对此概念进行更准确地把握在当前愈显紧迫和必要。多数研究者仍继续沿用这一术语．最近的实验研究修改了部分早期结论．并开始与学习和记忆研究的其他领域,尤其是涉及无意识过程的领域互相结合。内隐记忆的解释和建模呈现出从定性到定量的发展趋势。     

无意识认知的探索

本文介绍了无意识认知的研究历程和特点,其中着重阐述了内隐记忆和内隐学习两个领域,并评述了内隐记忆和内隐学习在研究历程、特点和理论三方面的相似点,在此基础上表达了对无意识认知领域的整合趋势的期待。     

The Feeling of Not Knowing It All

How do consumers assess their mastery of knowledge they have learned? We explore this question by investigating a common knowledge consumption situation: encountering opportunities for further learning. We argue and show that such opportunities can trigger a feeling‐of‐not‐knowing‐it‐all (FONKIA), which lowers consumers’ confidence in their mastery of the knowledge they already possess. Specifically, listing optional follow‐up readings at the conclusion of a course lowered students’ confidence in their mastery of the course material they had already learned (Study 1). Encountering an optional learning opportunity increased the FONKIA, which mediated the decreased confidence (Studies 2 and 3). We also document two moderators consistent with our conceptualization. First, participants primed with mastery (vs. instrumental) motivation were more negatively impacted when they encountered optional learning opportunities. Second, the more related the optional opportunities were to the target topic, the lower participants’ confidence in their mastery of what they had already learned. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings, such as encouraging further learning or harming teaching evaluations.     

内隐记忆和内隐学习的整合研究趋向

内隐记忆和内隐学习代表了人类学习与记忆的无意识机制,它们打开了理解人类无意识奥妙的大门。从内隐记忆和内隐学习的诞生与实验室发展来看,二者似乎长期以来处在相对独立的位置。然而,随着研究的不断深入,走向整合已经成为不可抑制的趋向。该文旨在结合内隐记忆和内隐学习的定义、经验类似性、理论框架和实验研究等方面的证据,论述它们的整合必要以及已有的整合途径,促进研究对学习和记忆的无意识过程的全面把握     

内隐学习中东巴文促进幼儿汉字字形记忆的研究

采用任务分离范式考察了内隐学习中只学汉字、结合图画学习汉字、结合东巴文学习汉字对幼儿汉字字形记忆的影响。幼儿通过颜色判断任务进行学习。实验1采用再认任务考察学习方式对汉字字形外显记忆的影响。实验2采用偏好判断任务考察学习方式对汉字字形内隐记忆的影响。研究发现, 在伴随学习条件下, 东巴文能够促进幼儿对汉字字形的外显记忆, 东巴文可以成为幼儿汉字学习的工具。     

Rejoinder to Harold Blum2

The author's main disagreement with Harold Blum is over Blum's contention that symptomatic improvement is directly linked to the recovery of memories. The idea that memories are laid down in childhood and preserved until the time of their later recovery flies in the face of what we now understand as the creation of memories by the neurobiological systems underpinning this aspect of mental function. No evidence directly links symptomatic improvement to reconstruction and thus to outcome; care should be taken to avoid confusing co‐occurrence with causality. While reconstruction of how things actually were in childhood can significantly contribute to therapeutic action, it is the process rather than the outcome of this reconstruction that is therapeutic, due to the opportunity thus afforded to rework current experiences in the context of other perspectives. The author clarifies his definition of transference to show some areas of agreement between his position and Blum's. He disusses contemporary neuroscientific views on memory and identifies a number of psychoanalytic writers who have used these productively.     

学习和记忆的无意识研究

内隐学习和内隐记忆的研究代表了人类学习和记忆的无意识过程。在过去的40年里,内隐学习和内隐记忆的研究经历了：研究对象从人工材料走向真实生活,理论观点从分离走向协同,研究方法从单一走向多样化,以及人工神经网络模型中学习和记忆过程的模拟等。它不仅对学习和记忆本身的心理机制得到了更多的理解,而且还为整个心理学特别是认知心理学的研究开辟了广阔的前景。具体表现为多重记忆的划分、无意识研究的异军突起、研究方法的突破扩展和交叉学科的融会贯通     

Explicit and implicit motor sequence learning in children and adults; the role of age and visual working memory

This study investigated explicit and implicit motor learning, and the influence of visual working memory (VWM) and age. Sixty children and 28 adults learned a nine-button sequence task explicitly and implicitly. Performance in explicit and implicit learning improved with age. Learning curves were similar across ages for implicit learning. In explicit learning, learning curves differed across ages: younger children started slower, but their learning rate was higher compared to older children. Learning curves were similar across VWM scores, but performance in explicit learning was positively influenced by VWM scores. Further research and implications for education and rehabilitation are discussed.     

Retelling Is Not the Same as Recalling: Implications for Memory

ABSTRACT— In contrast to laboratory free recall (which emphasizes detailed and accurate remembering), conversational retellings depend upon the speaker's goals, the audience, and the social context more generally. Because memories are frequently retrieved in social contexts, retellings of events are often incomplete or distorted, with consequences for later memory. Selective rehearsal contributes to the memory effects, as does the schema activated during retelling. Retellings can be linked to memory errors observed in domains such as eyewitness testimony and flashbulb memories; in all of these situations, people retell events rather than engage in verbatim remembering.     

学习与脑可塑性的研究进展及其教育意义

脑可塑性是指脑在外界环境和经验的作用下不断塑造其结构和功能的能力.本文阐述了神经科学与认知神经科学关于学习影响动物脑与人脑结构与功能的研究进展.研究表明,学习与经验可以改变脑皮层的厚度与树突的结构,增加树突棘的数量,修饰其形状,对脑的功能代表区产生影响.学习与脑可塑性的多层面研究为理解学习的本质规律以及教育研究与实践提供重要的启示.     

意识和无意识的关系--实证的视角

意识和无意识的相互关系曾经是纯粹的哲学问题,科学心理学的诞生促进了对这一问题的实证视角考察。实证取向认为,意识和无意识同属人类心理的机能,并能够在外在的任务操作中表现出来。现代认知心理学发现了对应意识机能的外显过程和对应无意识机能的内隐过程,两者相对独立又共生共存。任何认知过程都是意识和无意识共同作用的产物,两者之间存在复杂的相互作用,并表现出权衡的特点。神经生理学的研究揭示了意识和无意识在发生学意义上可能的先后关系。无意识在心理过程中起的作用是普遍的、抽象的、抗干扰的,而意识则建筑在无意识的基础之上,有着更大的变异性。