社会规范的动态过程

社会心理学的经典研究将社会规范区分为描述性规范与指令性规范。近年来, 研究者从以往对社会规范的静态区分, 开始深入研究社会规范“如何发展变化”的动态过程, 即探究社会规范的习得、传播与转变过程, 以及社会规范发挥作用的影响因素。社会规范的习得可以追溯至童年早期的社会互动, 描述性规范的形成是个体在社会网络中学习社会范畴典型范例的过程, 对现状的合理化催生了描述性规范向指令性规范的转化。社会规范发挥作用也呈现动态性, 不仅与社会规范的心理功能相关, 即遵守或违反社会规范能满足个体的安全感、归属感、独特感需要等, 还与外部环境如权力位置、惩罚机制相关。未来研究可对社会规范形成过程、作用过程做进一步分析; 结合社会规范强度研究, 深入探讨规范性影响的作用过程; 开展文化情境下的社会规范研究等。     

网络家庭兴起的伦理基础及其社会影响

网络家庭以夫妻生活的无性化、夫妻关系的非对偶性、夫妻性别的可转换性和现实人伦关系的消匿等四大特征兴起于现代社会.其兴起的社会根源在于家庭功能的弱化、道德观念的宽容性增加和网络技术能力的增进.其中交织着网络空间的扩张与社会交往的挤压、心理压力的剧增与情感宣泄的不畅、婚姻需求的发展与现实条件的匮乏三大矛盾.网络家庭的兴起造成了家庭观念的变异、婚姻行为的变化和现实家庭的危机三大影响.     

社会规范合理性的论证方式及其比较

一西方的20世纪可谓相对主义的世纪:相对论与量子力学的测不准定律使得传统的知识确定性的观念基础产生了动摇,语言哲学通过对价值词语的分析直接将价值归结为个人的情感偏好,价值主观主义和相对主义一时成为主流观念,而后现代主义在一定意义上可看作是这种相对主义在知识论和价值论两方面的泛滥。但随着相对主义所导致的各种弊病的显露,在西方国家又兴起了呼吁共同价值或重视普遍价值的潮流,罗尔斯的《正义论》就被许多人看作是规范伦理学复兴的证明。围绕着罗尔斯的正义理论而展开的争论,尽管观点各异,但总体的价值取向还是倾向于纠正价值主观主义和相对主义的偏颇。当然,在现实日常生活中,人们的规则意识或者说遵守社会公共规范的观念并未出现很大的起伏。究其原     

贸易战的理论逻辑及其应对:全球生产网络视角

"二战"以来,为了应对知识和技术扩散对美国霸权地位的侵蚀,美国企业通过防御性对外直接投资来阻止外国竞争者兴起并获取技术租金和投资收益,跨国公司由此成为维持美国霸权地位的一个重要支柱。在以产品内分工和不完全契约关系为特征的全球生产网络下,东道国促进经济发展的产业政策、行政特别权滥用以及竞争企业的机会主义行为都可能使跨国公司面临知识中间产品内部化失灵和所有权优势丧失的风险。面临国际生产方式变革对美国霸权所依赖经济基础的挑战,美国利用从国际生产联系不对称依赖中所获得的贸易结构性权力发动了贸易战。但是,在全球生产网络下,权力主体呈现多元化,中国只是权力主体之一,美国政府单方面向中国政府施压是不合理的,而且结构性权力与社会资本契合才是促进不完全契约执行的根本途径。中美两国政府应着眼于全球生产网络的技术和制度特征,与其他权力主体一道制定出有利于全球生产网络健康发展的国际经济规则。     

行为可见增加利他偏好及其社会规范机制

在不同社会偏好类型中,研究者较为关注利他偏好及其信号功能。本研究探究在独裁者游戏中,决策者的利他偏好如何受到分配方案对接受者可见性的影响。实验1采用行为实验结合计算建模的方法,发现无论在选择或评分条件下,相比于行为不可见,当分配者的行为能够为接受者所见时,分配者都表现出更大程度的利他偏好。此外,相比于评分条件,在选择时人们更加在意分配效率。实验2仅使用选择条件,并操纵社会规范,发现行为可见增加利他偏好的作用依赖于利他的社会规范,当存在非利他社会规范时,行为可见的影响减小。本研究结果表明,在利他社会规范下,当行为对接受者可见时,人们将表现出更多利他偏好。     

关于社会规范认同教学模式的研究

规范认同是个体思想上与行动上对规范的趋同,它作为社会规范内化的一种较高级的形式,是个体自觉接受社会规范的开始。规范认同是在规范教学中实现的,规范教学模式是影响规范认同的重要外部条件。典型的规范教学模式有认知训练模式与行为训练模式。在教育实践中,人们往往片面理解这两种教学模式的内涵,并盲目加以使用。本研究试图通过自然实验,探讨其合作效果及其有效性的实现条件,为规范教学体系的构建提供理论与实验依据。     

网络人际交往及其心理探析

网络技术开辟了一个全新的“网络社会”，从而使网络人际交往得以展开并流行起来。网络交际具有全球性、虚拟性、弱强制性、交互性、超时空性及符号性等特点。网络交际从社会心理层面来说其原因有压抑心理释放的需要、从众心理的影响、“本我”的驱使、自我表现的需要、依恋心理的作怪等几个方面。     

财富共享的社会共构基础试析

社会共构就是人们共同组成、构建人类社会。许多伦理学家把共构作为社会财富共享的一个基础,这其实是需要认真分析的。从现代应得理论的精神本质而言,贡献是应得的基石。但是,共构社会的贡献与生产产品的贡献是两种不同的贡献,它们也就分别对应着两种不同的分配,遵循着两个不同的分配正义原则——同一性正义原则与差异性正义原则,故而建构社会的贡献是不能成为分配劳动产品的主要直接依据的。同时,由于正义是人的正义,因此两正义原则通过人这个差异与同一的统一体而相互影响、相互渗透,所以,强调贡献与收入相对应的差异性经济分配中,也可以有一个基本生活需要品的平等提供之维。     

网络道德建设初探

加强网络道德建设是当前社会发展的一项十分紧迫的任务。本文在分析网络道德问题的特点及其原因的基础上 ,从人性尊重、社会和谐以及网络的技术特点出发 ,提出了网络道德规范的主要内容 ,并阐述了当前网络道德建设的主要环节     

北京职工工作社会规范观念的基本特征——跨文化的比较研究

以管理的三重性观点为指导进行职工工作社会规范观念的跨文化比较研究。九国样本的初步跨文化比较显示出中国职工工作社会规范观念的义务定向型的基本特征。对工作意义国际研究组研究工作社会规范观念的方法提出修正意见,以期全面反映义务观念与权利观念相互联系相互制约的关系。工作社会规范观念研究对我国管理的意义在于:为认识和调整职工与国家及组织的关系提供一个新的理论角度和新途径。     

Social Misperception and Its Implications for Counseling

This article explores social misperception, a unique way of viewing the behavior problems of children. While the emotional-disturbance label is usually given to behaviorally disordered youngsters, it inaccurately reflects the social learning problems of children. Explored are the characteristics of social misperception (both verbal and nonverbal), its historical foundations (taken from the psychological and educational literature), and its relation to learning disabilities and to emotional disturbance; a differential diagnostic system is offered. Counselors are given techniques by which they can assist teachers with remediation, a task that helps the counselor to assist classroom teachers to become socially sensitive to the emotional needs of children.     

Creativity in Its Social Context: The Interplay of Organizational Norms,Situational Threat,and Gender

Past research has frequently made the assumptions that creativity is an individual, rather than social, behavior; that the factors shaping creative behavior influence everyone in the same way; and that these factors always have the same influence regardless of the situation. This research challenges all 3 of these assumptions. In an experiment, participants (n = 187) assumed the role of members of a business organization with either individualist or collectivist norms that was either under competitive threat or not. Results indicated that, when threat was absent, men exhibited more divergent thinking under individualist than collectivist norms. However, the reverse was true for women when threat was absent and for both sexes when their organization was under threat. Thus, a group norm emphasizing individuality can sometimes enhance divergent thinking performance. However, this influence is moderated by other situational factors such as competitive threat, and, possibly for reasons of differing socialization, does not appear to affect men and women equally.     

Aggression Norms in the Classroom Social Network: Contexts of Aggressive Behavior and Social Preference in Middle Childhood

In a cross‐sectional sample of African‐American 2nd–4th grade students (N = 681), we examine the moderating effects of classroom overt and relational aggression norms on peers’ social acceptance of classmates who exhibit overt and relational aggression in urban schools. Extending theory and research on classroom norms, we integrate social network data to adjust aggression norms based on children’s direct and indirect connections in the classroom. Results of multilevel models indicate that network‐based classroom aggression norms moderated relations between children’s aggressive behavior and their social preference. Specifically, children benefited socially when their form of aggressive behavior fit with what was normative in the classroom social context. The moderating effect of classroom aggression norms was stronger for the association between overt aggression and social preference than relational aggression and social preference. Relationally aggressive youth were socially preferred by peers regardless of the classroom norm, although this positive association was magnified in classrooms with higher levels of relational aggression. Future research focused on aggression norms within classroom social networks are discussed and implications for school prevention efforts are considered.     

Social Norms and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas: The Effects of Context and Feedback

Drawing from research on social norms, we proposed and tested the hypothesis that people behave more competitively in social dilemmas involving economic decisions compared to those involving noneconomic decisions. We also proposed that people would compete more if they see that others have unexpectedly competed in a prior situation and cooperate more when others have unexpectedly cooperated in a previous situation. Further, we hypothesized that if others behave consistently with expectations, such behaviors (either cooperative or competitive) would not affect subsequent behavior. One hundred ninety-five under graduate students participated in an experiment in which they made choices in two different social dilemma games. Results support the hypotheses, and the discussion addresses the implications of the study for research on social norms and decision making.     

《管子》的社会稳定思想及其对构建和谐社会的启示

社会稳定是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要目标和主要任务。《管子》在治国实践中提出的听取民众的意见、重视民众的需要、坚持“以人为本”、赏罚并举和赏罚有度等社会稳定的思想,对建设社会主义和谐社会依然具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Esteem,Social Norms and Status Inequality

When we appraise others as talented or virtuous, we esteem them: we register admiration of their traits and virtues. It is generally believed that, unless they involve a violation of respect, distributions of esteem are not a concern from the point of view of justice. In this paper, I want to dispute this commonly-held view. I will argue that attributions of esteem can become problematic when a particular trait becomes such a uniquely relevant source of social esteem in a community that its absence becomes a reason to regard others as less than full members of the community. For instance, in contemporary capitalist societies those perceived as lacking certain socially valued traits and unable or unwilling to make certain kinds of contribution to the community, such as those who are unemployed or have committed criminal offences, are widely disesteemed and also regarded as inferior qua members of the community by others. From the fact that they fail to possess particular qualities a broader negative judgment of their ability to contribute to the community is inferred. Moreover, their failure to gain esteem in these pervasive domains eclipses their possession of other esteem-worthy traits as well as other positive contributions they might have made to society. This perception of inferiority renders it impossible for them to live on equal terms with other citizens. I argue that as egalitarians we should oppose these distributions of esteem.

     

A Theology of Nature: Social Neuroscience and Its Theological Implications

This article explores social neuroscience, an emergent subfield of neuroscience, and highlights its implications for a theology of nature. This author argues that since social neuroscience and theology are both non-reductionist, they can contribute to a balanced view of human nature and nurture. Social neuroscientific research has shown the ways in which social factors impact the brain’s development, and also how social factors are necessary for the treatment of diseases. Social neuroscience can thus enrich essential teachings and practice of religions, such as sociality and healing. Finally, this article examines how social neuroscience can be used in a reinterpretation of Wesleyan soteriology.