运动性心理疲劳问题的研究现状

通过对运动性心理疲劳概念和检测评价方法等问题的国内外研究现状及其局限性和不足进行的综述讨论,作者分析指出目前关于运动性心理疲劳问题的有关研究成果满足不了中国训练体系下训练实践的需要,提出有必要系统进行运动性心理疲劳问题的实证研究。就心理疲劳问题的研究方向和研究切入点,作者认为应综合开展运动性心理疲劳神经生理与心理机制的探索性研究。研究的主要切入点包括：（1）研究建立适合中国运动训练体制与环境的运动性心理疲劳概念,构建运动性心理疲劳概念模型;（2）基于此模型研究建立多维检测评价方法系统和运动性心理疲劳问卷。研究过程中要将神经生理方法与心理测量、行为观察等方法结合起来同步测量,在训练过程中开展纵向追踪与横向调查综合性的实证研究     

日本疲劳心理学研究概况

1.疲劳分为生理疲劳和心理疲劳,在日本生理疲劳又叫肌肉疲劳或体力疲劳,心理疲劳又叫精神疲劳。生理学主要对前者加以研究,心理学主要对后者加以研究。但这仅是一般的分工而已,他们之间常常互有交叉、重复,界限很难划分。现已发现,所谓肌肉疲劳实际上不是肌肉本身的现象,而是一种中枢神精系统现象,这就更使心理学要对体力疲劳、肌肉疲劳现象加以研究了。     

上海市大中学生的心理健康及其与体育锻炼的关系

本研究利用《简式心境状态剖面图》（POMS）中国修订版和《运动力量等级量表—3》（PARS—3）,对上海市大中学生的心理健康及其与体育锻炼的关系进行了考察。结果表明：①有较高比例的学生存在着不同程度的紧张、愤怒、疲劳、抑郁和慌乱,以及较低的精力和自尊感;②体育锻炼能有效地降低紧张、愤怒、疲劳、抑郁、慌乱,提高和自尊感,③中等到较大的运动量具有更好地心理健康效应;④体育乐趣与运动坚持性具有密切的关系。     

应用脑波超慢涨落技术研究民航飞行员心理疲劳的可行性及切入点

脑波超慢涨落技术(encephal of luctuograph technology,ET)以其独特的测评功效已经在临床医学、体育等领域得到较多应用。本文通过对ET的技术原理、关键测评功效及该技术在有关领域的应用现状分析,论证了应用脑波超慢涨落技术研究民航飞行员心理疲劳的可行性。根据对目前民航飞行员心理疲劳研究现状、存在的主要问题及开展民航飞行员心理疲劳研究的必要性的讨论,提出了应用ET技术系统开展民航飞行员心理疲劳研究的主要切入点。     

心理疲劳对射击运动员整体局部加工的不同影响

采用整体—局部任务范式,通过事件相关电位技术（ERPs）同时结合问卷测量,考察心理疲劳对射击运动员整体加工和局部加工产生的影响。12名射击运动员参加实验。首先通过目标追踪任务诱发心理疲劳,然后使用心理疲劳问卷评估心理疲劳程度,再让被试进行整体—局部加工任务。结果发现：（1）目标追踪任务能够有效地诱发心理疲劳;（2）射击运动员完成整体知觉任务的反应时更快,准确率更高;（3）在心理疲劳状态下,射击运动员对整体知觉任务中一致条件的反应更快,准确率更高,在额区和中央区引发的N2、P3波幅更高;但是,对局部知觉任务中一致和不一致条件的反应时和准确率以及N2、P3波幅之间的差异不显著。这些结果表明,心理疲劳对整体和局部加工有着不同的影响。整体加工相对自动化,受心理疲劳的影响较小,而局部加工依赖于有意搜索,受心理疲劳的影响较大。研究揭示了心理疲劳对于注意的局部加工的影响及其神经关联,对未来射击运动员特定干预措施设计具有启发意义。     

长途客运汽车驾驶员的驾驶疲劳初探

本研究对长途客运汽车驾驶员连续驾车8小时的生理,心理反应进行了测定。结果表明,随着驾驶时间的延续,驾驶员的肌电值显著下降、反应时增加,疲劳症状和疲劳感觉递增,每运行2小时,驾驶疲劳度都显著加重;研究发现,各心理,生理指标之间相关显著。     

体育锻炼情绪效益的影响因素

研究采用问卷调查法,测查了大学生773人,中学生285人,探讨了体育锻炼情绪效益的影响因素。研究发现,人格和动机对体育锻炼情绪效益具有显著影响:中学生活力激发高于大学生;中学男生生理疲劳低于大学男生,女生无显著差别;中学生能力动机低于大学生;男生健康动机、能力动机、社会拓展、自身需求和尽责性高于女生,女生外貌动机和开放性高于男生;活力激发受尽责性与开放性影响;身心平静受社会拓展影响;生理疲劳受外向性、开放性、外貌动机、乐趣动机与能力动机影响;积极投入受稳定性、开放性、健康动机、乐趣动机与自身需求影响。     

母亲对幼儿生理与心理需要的敏感性及反应性的比较研究

本研究选取1,072名2—6岁幼儿的母亲为被试,考察了母亲对幼儿生理、心理需要的敏感性和反应性的特点及其与幼儿年龄、性别的关系。结果表明：（1）母亲对幼儿生理、心理需要的敏感性和反应性在总体上呈现较高的水平;（2）母亲对幼儿生理、心理需要的敏感性和反应性既有中度正相关,也存在显著差异;（3）幼儿年龄对母亲对幼儿生理需要的敏感性的反应性无显著影响,而对母亲对幼儿心理需要的敏感性和反应性具有显著的主效应;（4）幼儿的实际性别、母亲对孩子性别的期望、幼儿实际性别与母亲期望的一致性对母亲对于幼儿生理、心理需要的敏感性和反应性均不具有明显的主效应。     

神经质和外倾的负情绪减弱调节特点

神经质和外倾一致被认为是有典型情绪风格的人格特质,人格生物机制研究发现,这两种特质在神经递质、脑机制及遗传等方面都具有其特定的机制。可是,关于这两种特质在情绪调节过程的生理心理机制研究还比较少。这项研究试图寻找高神经质和高外倾人群在负情绪调节过程中,包括情绪主观报告、表情行为及生理反应等方面的变化特点。研究采用生理心理实验法比较了高神经质和高外倾被试在使用认知重评、表情抑制减弱由录像片段诱发的负情绪（厌恶）时所引起情绪成分的实际变化结果。28名高神经质和28名高外倾大学生被试参加了实验。结果表明：与高外倾组比较,高神经质组在情绪激活及调节之前阶段（指导语阶段）的FPV增幅较大,在情绪被激活及调节阶段（正片阶段）的R-R间期增幅较小,整个调节过程报告较多的负情绪（如痛苦）变化。研究从生理心理层面进一步地说明,与高外倾比较,高神经质确实更容易激活其负情绪,而且,更难以对其负情绪实施减弱调节     

心理疲劳不可忽视

随着科技的更新、信息的冲击、生活节奏的加快,给人们带来了巨大的心理压力,从而使人们产生各种心理应激,造成“心理疲劳”。所谓应激,就生物学而言就是刺激和反应。心理疲劳不像生理疲劳那样显露,它是潜在的、隐性的。它表现为紧张、焦虑、注意力不集中、动作不协     

身体锻炼对高中学生主观幸福感的影响及其心理机制

为了考察身体锻炼与高中学生主观幸福感的关系,采用量表法进行了研究,控制了相关变量后的研究结果表明:(1)经常锻炼的高中学生比锻炼不足的高中学生的主观幸福感更加强烈,这一差异表现在两者之间的情感成份和特殊生活满意感上;一次的身体锻炼对高中学生主观幸福感没有影响,长期性的身体锻炼可以提高高中学生主观幸福感;小锻炼量和中等锻炼量的身体锻炼随着锻炼持续时间的增长,对高中学生主观幸福感影响加深,而大锻炼量随着锻炼持续时间的增长对高中学生主观幸福感的影响,呈现倒“V”型的曲线状;随着锻炼持续时间的增长,中等锻炼量的效果明显优于小锻炼量和大锻炼量的效果;(2)身体锻炼不仅可以直接对高中学生主观幸福感产生影响,而且可以通过身体自尊,人际关系、人格等中介变量对高中学生主观幸福感产生影响     

Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: a quantitative synthesis

The authors investigated the effect of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue using meta-analytic techniques. Chronic exercise increased feelings of energy and lessened feelings of fatigue compared with control conditions by a mean effect delta of 0.37. The effect varied according to the presence or absence of a placebo control or whether chronic exercise was completed alone or in combination with an additional therapy. Investigations that used a placebo control and examined chronic exercise alone found no effect of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue. Certain placebo controls may increase feelings of energy and lessen feelings of fatigue when used with older adults or people with psychological distress. The results highlight the need for research identifying the most useful control conditions for accurately interpreting mental health outcome data obtained in chronic exercise investigations.     

影响控制感剥夺的因素及其后果

控制感是指人们相信自己的选择和行为与相应的结果存在一致性的一种认知状态,对人的身心健康都有重要影响。控制感剥夺之后,人会产生不适症状（如习得性无助和抑郁）。例如,长期剥夺控制感会引起习得性无助,甚至导致抑郁。影响控制感的因素包括社会环境、个性气质、生理基础,甚至可能受到基因的调控作用。深入理解控制感剥夺背后的心理机制能增进对人们自身心理特点的了解,有助于预防或干预一些心理疾病的产生。     

Health-related quality of life in chronic fatigue syndrome: predictors of physical functioning and psychological distress

This study investigated health-related quality of life (HRQoL; physical functioning and psychological distress) in an Australian chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) population. The aims of the study were to compare HRQoL in those with CFS to the normal population, and to investigate the extent to which sociodemographic (age, gender, partner status, education), illness-related (illness duration, symptom frequency), and fatigue severity (physical, mental) variables predicted HRQoL. A total of 139 people meeting CFS criteria completed questionnaires. HRQoL was assessed using standardised measures of distress and physical functioning. Compared with norms, those with CFS obtained significantly lower scores on all physical functioning areas, whereas 63% of participants reported clinically significant psychological distress. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that physical fatigue severity and symptom frequency were the strongest predictors of deficits in physical domain HRQoL. Physical HRQoL outcomes were also predicted by mental fatigue severity, older age, and female gender. All predictors were unrelated to psychological distress apart from weak positive associations with physical fatigue and symptom frequency. Results identify a potent set of predictors of HRQoL and show that CFS has a pervasive negative impact on quality of life, particularly physical and psychological functioning.     

Personality,exercise and psychological well-being: Static relationships in the community

It is often claimed that participation in physical exercise is associated with a range of psychological benefits. In addition, certain personality traits have been linked with patterns of exercise participation. However, almost no research has examined the roles of personality, exercise, and psychological well-being in a single study. The present study examined the relationships between exercise, personality traits, and psychological health in a sample of 204 women and 48 men, recruited from health clubs and adult education classes by postal survey. Results from the women in the sample suggest that participation in physical exercise contributed only a small amount of variance (6%) on the prediction of Positive Affect. Personality factors were by far the most significant determinants of psychological well-being.     

心理干预对产褥期精神障碍患者生活质量的影响

探讨心理干预对产褥期精神障碍患者生活质量的影响。将85例产褥期精神障碍患者随机分为研究组45例和对照组40例,两组均给予精神科常规护理,研究组在此基础上根据患者的具体情况,实施有针对性的心理护理干预。于心理护理干预后采用Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）和生存质量量表（SF－36...     

Links between religiously-focused exercise and body shape preoccupation among young adults

This quasi-experimental study examined whether engaging in physical exercise integrated with a Christian religious focus would result in decreased body shape preoccupation and improved mental and emotional health. Data were collected at the beginning and end of an eight-week period from female and male college students in three conditions: (1) group exercise sessions integrating an explicit religious focus, (2) standard group exercise, and (3) a control condition without activities. The religious exercise group decreased in body shape preoccupation to a greater extent than the control group, but the groups did not differ in other psychological symptoms or affect. This offers an initial indication that integrating a religious focus with exercise may potentially offer a unique method for addressing body shape preoccupation that is not accounted for by improvements in mental health or affect. If confirmed through additional research, infusing a religious focus into exercise regimens might inspire a practical, inexpensive method of targeting body shape dissatisfaction among young adults.     

Cognitive behavioural treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome in a rehabilitation setting: effectiveness and predictors of outcome

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) was combined with graded exercise therapy (GET) for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in an uncontrolled implementation study of an inpatient multidisciplinary group therapy. During the intake procedure, 160 CFS patients completed a questionnaire on fatigue related measurements, physical impairment, depression, somatic and psychological attributions, somatic focus, and sense of control over symptoms. Pre-treatment physical activity level was measured with an actometer. At baseline, post-treatment and 6-month follow-up individual strength, subjective fatigue and physical impairment, were reassessed. Large effect sizes were found on subjective fatigue (1.2 post-treatment; 1.2 follow-up) and physical impairment (−.9 post-treatment; −.9 follow-up), Clinically significant improvement was found in 33.8% of the participants at post-treatment and 30.6% at follow-up. Individual strength at post-treatment was predicted by level of physical activity before treatment, and by sense of control over symptoms and physical activity at follow-up. Clinically significant improvement in subjective fatigue was predicted by not receiving a disablement insurance benefit, shorter duration of fatigue, higher sense of control over symptoms and, at follow-up by more pre-treatment physical activity. In conclusion, the intervention was effective for CFS patients. Cognitive behavioural factors that perpetuate fatigue symptoms are also predictors of treatment outcome.     

城市居民参加体育锻炼的动机路径模型建构

基于自我决定理论,调查350名体育锻炼者以构建城市居民体育锻炼的动机路径模型。结果表明：自主型动机与自主性支持、基本心理需求、锻炼意向有正相关,外在调节与前述各变量均有负相关,而内摄调节与前述各变量无显著相关,可能受中国传统“文弱”审美观念及现代生活压力影响;结构方程拟合结果支持嵌套中介模型,即社会体育指导员的自主性支持可正向直接预测锻炼意向,亦可通过基本心理需求、自主型动机和基本心理需求×自主型动机三个中介变量正向间接预测锻炼意向。