乙肝歧视:热过后的冷思考

乙肝歧视作为一个术语存在明显的语义学缺陷,在伦理学的视域中,乙肝歧视既非程序不公正,也非分配不公正,而是主体对客体缺少必要的仁慈.虽然通过医学手段彻底治愈乙型肝炎的时间无法准确地估测,但只要我们能够充分利用现有的医学和社会手段,就有望在30年左右的时间内将中国社会人群的乙肝病原携带率控制在1%以内,这大体上可看作是乙肝歧视的终结.     

从"被自愿体检"反思乙肝歧视的成因

乙肝歧视在我国呈普遍现象,已引起社会的广泛关注.为维护乙肝表面抗原携带者的合法权益,国家相继出台了一系列规章,但收效甚微.从医学和社会学视角分析我国乙肝歧视难以消除的原因,指出职能部门、用人单位、医疗机构、公众、乙肝表面抗原携带者存在的问题和原因,并提出了消除乙肝歧视的措施.     

乙肝歧视现象的问题与反思

我国乙肝病毒携带者群体在升学、就业、婚姻等方面遭受着社会歧视.分析乙肝歧视的社会成因,并就如何消除乙肝歧视和促进社会平等提出若干对策.     

价值哲学视域中的算法歧视与社会公正

算法是以数据为基础资源,以解决问题、完成任务为目标导向的策略机制和运行程序,是人工智能的“中枢神经”和“灵魂”,它本身并不是“价值中立”的。在通过机器学习之类技术采集、存储、分析数据,进而进行自动化决策时,算法设计、编写的主体立场,支撑和训练算法的数据的来源和准确性,算法内蕴的价值负荷和价值选择,特定价值主体基于算法的行为倾向性,以及智能系统的自主评价和决策,都可能导致一定程度的算法歧视,影响社会公正的实现。相较人们熟悉的社会歧视现象,算法歧视更加广泛、多元,更加精准、有针对性,也更加隐蔽、“巧妙”。只有在社会智能化进程中,确立全体人民的价值主体地位,将公正价值观“内嵌”到智能算法之中,并建立动态的评价、监督机制,才能对算法歧视进行必要的规制,重构智能时代公正的社会秩序。     

我国乙肝抗病毒治疗现状与思考

针对目前乙肝的抗病毒治疗现状以及临床用药的情况,对目前乙肝抗病毒治疗中存在的问题进行思考,就如何选择治疗方法提出医疗原则,认为治疗应该体现安全、有效、经济的原则。     

我国乙肝抗病毒治疗现状与思考

针对目前乙肝的抗病毒治疗现状以及临床用药的情况,对目前乙肝抗病毒治疗中存在的问题进行思考,就如何选择治疗方法提出医疗原则,认为治疗应该体现安全、有效、经济的原则.     

反疾病歧视立法的相关问题探讨

许多国家已对遭遇疾病歧视的患者给予法律上的保护,而我国现有的法律不足以保护受歧视者权益。通过权衡疾病患者在工作生活中所受歧视的利弊,并从多角度分析,提出我国应进行相关立法,保护受歧视者的合法权益。     

印尼华裔穆斯林:一个未完成的反歧视项目

本文探讨了印尼政府在第12/2006号新国籍法案颁布后对作为少数族群的华人,尤其是华裔穆斯林的影响。文章认为,尽管国家宪法保障了各族群平等的公民地位,但本条例草案的制定并没有在各级政府官僚机构中根除对华裔穆斯林的歧视性做法。华裔穆斯林为了保障其社会和政治安全而采用文化的方法,与宗教组织(包括穆斯林群众组织和伊斯兰非政府组织)进行深入的协调,从而保护其自身免于受到任何反华情绪的伤害以及当地社会或国家官僚机构的剥削和歧视。     

反疾病歧视立法的相关问题探讨

许多国家已对遭遇疾病歧视的患者给予法律上的保护,而我国现有的法律不足以保护受歧视者权益.通过权衡疾病患者在工作生活中所受歧视的利弊,并从多角度分析,提出我国应进行相关立法,保护受歧视者的合法权益.     

受艾滋病影响儿童的歧视知觉在歧视经历和心理健康之间的作用分析

本研究旨在考察中国农村地区受艾滋病影响儿童(包括双孤儿童、单孤儿童和非孤儿童)在经历了父母感染艾滋病、父母因为艾滋病丧亡后的歧视经历和歧视知觉状况,及其对心理健康的影响.采用问卷调查了1221名被试,测查了他们的歧视经历、歧视知觉、心理健康(抑郁、孤独、自尊).经过数据分析发现:(1)歧视经历和歧视知觉存在显著的年龄段和儿童类别的差异,12岁及以下的儿童得分显著高于13岁及以上的,双孤儿童得分显著高于单孤儿童和非孤儿童;抑郁、孤独和自尊存在显著的儿童类别差异,双孤儿童、单孤儿童差于非孤儿童;且孤独和自尊还存在显著的年龄段差异,12岁以下的儿童差于13岁以上的;(2)不同歧视经历和歧视知觉的儿童在抑郁、孤独和自尊上存在显著差异,均是歧视经历、歧视知觉多的儿童抑郁和孤独严重、自尊低;(3)歧视经历对抑郁、孤独和自尊都有显著的预测作用,歧视知觉在其中起到了部分中介作用.     

How Discrimination Impacts Sociopolitical Behavior: A Multidimensional Perspective

The conventional wisdom regarding the impact of discrimination on political behavior is that the perception of prejudiced treatment motivates individuals to take political action. This study challenges this common conception by demonstrating that the source of discrimination can play a significant role in whether perceived or experienced injustice leads to activism or withdrawal from sociopolitical life. Drawing from political science and social psychology literature, this study provides a new perspective on the potential effects of discrimination on a relatively new marginalized group in the United States. Specifically, an important distinction is drawn between political (systematic) and societal (interpersonal) discrimination in analyzing the sociopolitical behavior of American Muslims in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The results will hopefully encourage scholars to take a deeper look at the nexus between discrimination and democratic engagement, which is an important, complex, multidimensional, and understudied topic.     

Discrimination and religiosity among Muslim women in the UK before and after the Charlie Hebdo attacks

In January 2015, media outlets reported a series of attacks by Islamic terror groups in France, instigated at the offices of the Charlie Hebdo publication. Previous research has indicated that the consequence of exposure to terrorist attacks can extend beyond the immediate victims, with a potentially international reach. This secondary data analysis compares the perceptions of discrimination, religiosity, and religious engagement of 240 Muslim women in the UK, recruited before and after the Charlie Hebdo attacks. The results indicate greater religious engagement and perceptions of discrimination among those women recruited after the attacks. This suggests that the impact of such events may reach beyond the immediate victims, and societies need to develop and provide support in response to such attacks, regardless of the geographical location of the event.     

Psychophysics of Remembering: The Discrimination Hypothesis

In a psychophysical approach to remembering, the events to be remembered are discriminated from other possibilities at the time of remembering, and not at the time of encoding or learning. The discrimination is specific to the retention interval at which remembering occurs, as shown by experiments demonstrating that discriminability and response bias are delay–specific. This article discusses a discrimination model for remembering that emphasizes the individual's history of learning about reward payoffs in similar experiences in the past. This model predicts the two characteristics of forgetting functions, initial discriminability and rate of forgetting.     

Discrimination learning in a foraging situation

Rats were allowed to forage in a simulated natural environment made up of eight food sources (patches) each containing a fixed number of pellets. Two of the eight contained an extra supply of peanuts. The peanut patches were signaled by an olfactory/visual cue located at the bottom of the ladder leading to the patch. In successive phases the number of sessions per day, height of the patches, and availability of peanuts were manipulated. Subjects showed evidence of discrimination learning under these conditions, although the degree of discriminatory behavior varied as a function of environmental manipulations. Assessment of behavior within foraging sessions showed that subjects systematically changed their patterns of utilization of patches across time. Sampling or exploration, as well as food reinforcement, seem implicated in these results.     

Racial Discrimination: A Continuum of Violence Exposure for Children of Color

This article reviews and examines findings on the impact of racial discrimination on the development and functioning of children of color in the US. Based on current definitions of violence and child maltreatment, exposure to racial discrimination should be considered as a form of violence that can significantly impact child outcomes and limit the ability of parents and communities to provide support that promotes resiliency and optimal child development. In this article, a conceptual model of the effects of racial discrimination in children of color is presented. The model posits that exposure to racial discrimination may be a chronic source of trauma in the lives of many children of color that negatively influences mental and physical outcomes as well as parent and community support and functioning. Concurrent exposure to other forms of violence, including domestic, interpersonal and/or community violence, may exacerbate these effects. The impact of a potential continuum of violence exposure for children of color in the US and the need for future research and theoretical models on children’s exposure to violence that attend to the impact of racial discrimination on child outcomes are discussed.     

Discrimination of multidimensional geometrical figures by chickens: categorization and pattern-learning

Japanese bantam hens were trained to discriminate between geometrical figures varying along four integral dimensions. Only one dimension predicted food: selections of sharp-cornered figures were reinforced, while selections of rounded figures were not. In experiment 1, hens were subsequently trained to discriminate between nine figure pairs in a simultaneous discrimination task. Because single pairs contained multiple redundant cues, whereas the relevant dimension was obvious only across stimulus pairs, the results revealed effects of both generalization and reversal learning. Accordingly, learning speed was enhanced for later discriminations. Experiment 2 tested the hens’ transfer performance to unknown pairs, following experience of 9 or 18 figure pairs. Four of seven hens showed reliable transfer after experience with 9 figures, but only three showed transfer after experience with 18 figures, indicating lower transfer with higher number of stimulus pairs learned. In experiment 3, hens were trained to discriminate 27 figure pairs. Discrimination ratios further decreased and the groups of pairs differed significantly in their ratios of discrimination. Individual hens’ pecking behaviour was analysed in relation to each dimension of single figures and in relation to relative differences in the levels of dimensions between paired figures. Hens were shown to be oriented towards irrelevant information and more towards relational and configurational than elemental and dimensional aspects. The results are discussed in the biological context of individual recognition in chickens’ dominance hierarchies, in which we suppose that chickens identify individual flock mates by representation of their visual pattern rather than by single characteristics. Received: 18 September 1998 / Accepted after revision: 23 December 1998     

Defensive aggression in terns: Discrimination and response to individual researchers

The defensive responses of roseate terns (Sterna dougallii) were studied during the middle of the breeding season when all reproductive stages (incubation, chick-hatching, chick-rearing) were represented, to determine the factors affecting levels of nest defense and whether terns responded differently towards a familiar versus an unfamiliar researcher. Defensive aggression generally varied as a function of researcher identity, time of day, section or location in the colony and nest density. These variables explained from 60 to 66% of the variation in defensive aggression. More terns mobbed one researcher with more dive attacks than the other researcher. Terns were more aggressive in areas where the chicks had just hatched and were most vulnerable. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.