查拉图斯特拉如是说的交响乐结构:初步勾勒

正如音乐家马勒所言，《查拉图斯特拉如是说》是一部严格按照交响乐的结构写成的伟大著作。本文详尽而精微地揭示了《查拉图斯特拉如是说》的交响乐结构：前三部分如何与古典交响乐三乐章曲式一一对应。     

蹈水穿流:查拉斯图特拉与庄子洋溢的灵魂

此前,已有西方学者着意探i寸了尼采与庄子的哲学共鸣,如安乐哲(Roger.T.Ames)与Graham Parkes.该文则是在他们研究的基础上,继续从比较哲学视角探讨庄子与尼采的对话,更意在强调:尽管二者之间的"和音"很多,却仍不乏"不谐"之处.庄子与尼采的差异更接近于法语词"differance",是有"从"(defer)有"异"(differ).也正是禀从此一意旨,该文集中通过以下主题--视角(perspective),灵魂意识(sense of soul),欲望(desire)在达致"存在"之启化状态所起作用与地位,自我克服(self-overcoming)相对于自成(self realization).一个内含超越维度文化跟与之相反文化传统的比照,以及水流水深双向"分流"(differance)之隐喻等,进而条析庄子与尼采哲学的合分.     

The stimulus suffix: A paradoxical effect

Two experiments are reported which showed that a stimulus suffix word, following eight words presented for immediate serial recall, affected recall performance differentially for the final list word: the target word. The observed difference depended on whether the target word and suffix were associated. It was concluded that both the target word and the redundant stimulus suffix were coded at the level of semantic coding as well as at the level of acoustic coding, and that an effect resulted where none had previously been found. There was no evidence to indicate that the coding of the semantic features required a switch in attention to the target word during the presentation of the list, and the coding for this was presumed to be autonomous. A model was described to explain the paradoxical effect of an associated stimulus suffix.     

The paradoxical nature of surrender

Surrender is one of the most fundamental, important aspects of spirituality and of integration. It is crucial to our relationship to God, to self, and to others. While surrender is essential for any real attempt at authenticity and integration, it is also one of the most challenging aspects of any spiritual pursuit or endeavor. The inability or unwillingness to surrender is a serious impediment to our relationship with God, with others, and even with ourselves. Paradoxically, there is great freedom and an increased sense of control that is experienced when one is able to surrender. This article explores two themes that the author believes are involved in surrender: fear and trust. Clinical as well as personal examples of the paradoxical nature and transformational power of surrender are offered.     

The Thousand Goals and the One Goal: Morality and Will to Power in Nietzsche's Zarathustra

Nietzsche's critical stance toward morality appears to support some version of moral relativism. Yet he praises some actions and attributes while condemning others. Are these evaluations expressions of his moral prejudices, or is there a basis for them in his thought? Through a close reading of key passages from Thus Spoke Zarathustra, I attempt to demonstrate that morality for Nietzsche is the historically situated working‐out of will to power and therefore subject to critique on that basis.     

The paradoxical nature of the grief experience

This paper develops the thesis that the grief experience attendant to loss by death is a natural phenomenon and that language has been used to obscure its nature as a process. The paradoxical nature of the grief experience refers to an expanded appreciation of its nature which can include a consideration of the survivor's own joy at being alive. A feeling of joy can occur consequent to allowing the more intense grief pain to be exposed and shared. Frequent references from playwrights and other well-known authors herein support the universal recognition of the above. The author has found these thoughtful individuals to constitute an important intellectual network for himself through the years.This paper was originally presented at the International Conference on the Occasion of the Tenth Anniversary of the Department of Basic Psychoanalytic Research and Family Therapy, University of Heidelberg, West Germany, May 17, 1985.Appreciation is expressed to Betty Byfield Paul, L.I.C.S.W., Counseling Associates, Lexington, Massachusetts, for consultation and editorial review.     

The therapeutic relationship as a paradoxical experience

The therapeutic relationship exists within multiple levels of reality—including that of ordinary life and that of the therapeutic frame. This interplay between these two levels of reality gives rise to paradoxical experiences for both participants. Certain “principles”; or “rules”; of technique can be understood as a means of enabling the therapist to cope with what is usually referred to as “boundary”; issues. It is essential that the analyst or therapist demonstrate capacity to shift playfully from one level of reality to another. The “rule”; of abstinence and the asymmetry of desire that exists between the two participants are discussed. Gratification within the therapeutic frame is paradoxical in that gratification at one level of reality leads to privation at another level of reality. These paradoxical experiences for both patient and analyst are examined in relation to projective identification and to the analyst's countertransference.     

The paradoxical self: Awareness,solipsism and first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia as a pathology of self-awareness has attracted much attention from philosophical theorists and empirical scientists alike. I view schizophrenia as a basic self-disturbance leading to a lifeworld of solipsism adopted by the sufferer and explain how this adoption takes place, which then manifests in ways such as first-rank psychotic symptoms. I then discuss the relationships between these symptoms, not as isolated mental events, but as end-products of a loss of agency and ownership, and argue that symptoms like thought insertion and other ego-boundary disorders are by nature a multitude of paradoxes created by a fragmented awareness. I argue that such fragmentation does not always require or lead to a delusional elaboration as the definitive feature of its phenomenology, and present reasons for the role of the first-person pronoun as a mere metaphor used to represent the patient’s bizarre experiences where sensory perception and thinking processes converge. Further, I discuss the initial benefits of adopting a solipsistic stance and how despite being a maladaptive strategy, it nevertheless acts as a protective barrier for the integrity of one’s self. Lastly, I offer some suggestions for clinical practice, emphasizing the importance of understanding the patient’s suffering in any therapeutic alliance.     

身体的“大理性”(下)——论查拉图斯特拉的第四篇演说

五、身体的意义 查拉图斯特拉在给予蔑视身体的人以唯一忠告--这忠告完全可以通过上下文前后一致地推导出来,即让他们变成"哑巴"--之后,引用了一个孩子的言论,虽然他完全了解,这其实是大多数成年人会使用的说话方式:"‘我是身体和灵魂'--孩子如此说道.为什么人们不像孩子这样说呢?"(39)     

The mirror reflects both ways: Action influences perception of others

Substantial evidence links perception of others’ bodies and mental representation of the observer’s own body; however, the overwhelming majority of this evidence is unidirectional, showing influence from perception to action. It has been proposed that the influence also runs from action to perception, but to date the evidence is scant. Here we report that ordinary motor actions performed by the subject affect concurrent psychophysical judgments of human-body stimuli. Subjects remained unaware of the connection between the action and the main task. The results show that perception can change as a result of the observer’s ongoing actions.     

The paradoxical effects of suppressing anxious thoughts during imminent threat

In line with the ironic processing theory of Wegner (Psychol. Rev. 101 (1994) 34), it is often argued that the suppression of anxiety-related thoughts results in a paradoxical increase of anxiety and thought intrusions, both after and during the thought suppression. In a sample of undergraduate students (14 men, 18 women), we investigated the effects of suppressing anxious thoughts about an imminent painful electrocutaneous stimulus. During thought suppression, self-reported anxiety and frequency of anxious thoughts did not increase, and duration of anxious thoughts decreased. After thought suppression, participants experienced an increase in self-reported anxiety and the frequency of anxious thoughts. There was no effect upon thought duration. The results support the idea that suppression of anxiety-related thoughts may result in a paradoxical increase in anxiety, and may cause and/or maintain anxiety problems.     

The paradoxical effect of a juvenile code change in Virginia

The impact of a new state juvenile code on the processing of youth through one court locale was examined using an interrupted time-series design. The intent of the new code was to limit penetration of youth into the juvenile justice system. This locale, however, showed an increased number of youth going through to court despite no increase in the number of youth arrested. The importance of this paradoxical effect for local juvenile justice planners and court officials is discussed briefly. This paper is based on research that was presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, Quebec, 1980.