儿童自我延迟满足能力发展的研究

延迟满足是一种心理成熟的表现,专指一种甘愿为更有价值的长远结果而放弃即时满足的抉择取向,以及在等待期中展示的自我控制能力。本文通过论述儿童的自我延迟满足能力的发展的特点以及影响其自我延迟满足能力的发展的因素,探索了如何教育儿童自我延迟满足能力的有效途径,对幼儿健康成长和发展具有一定的指导作用。     

儿童自我延迟满足的视觉认知

采用眼动研究方法,以儿童的延迟等待时间及眼动特征为指标,通过两个实验考察儿童在自我延迟满足情境中的注意分配策略及自我延迟满足能力发展的年龄特点。实验结果表明：偏爱策略能促进学前儿童的自我延迟满足;小学1、2年级儿童的自我延迟满足能力显著高于学前儿童;延迟奖励物的彩色照片比黑白照片更有利于儿童的延迟等待;眼动方法是延迟满足研究的有效方法     

四种注意情境下幼儿自我延迟满足的实验研究

将120名中等自控能力的3～5岁幼儿随机分配到四种注意情境下:两种奖励物同时呈现、只呈现即时奖励物、只呈现延迟奖励物、两种奖励物都不呈现,以探索幼儿自我延迟满足的注意机制及发展特点。结果发现:(1)幼儿自我延迟满足在两种奖励物都不呈现情境下平均延迟时间最长,在呈现奖励物的三种情境下平均延迟时间较短,表现出跨年龄稳定性;(2)3～5岁幼儿自我延迟满足发展存在显著年龄差异,表现出随年龄增长而提高的趋势。     

高低自立水平儿童的自我延迟满足的实验研究

目的:探索不同自立水平儿童自我延迟满足的注意机制及发展特点.方法:应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷对272名小学一年级学生的自立水平进行评定,根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分按由高至低排序,从高分到低分取40名儿童作为高自立组,由低分到高分取40名儿童作为低自立组,对两组被试采用Mischel的自我延迟满足等待实验范式,进行自我延迟满足的实验对照研究.结果:(1)两组儿童在两种奖励物都不呈现情境下平均延迟时间最长,在呈现奖励物的三种情境下平均延迟时间较短;(2)高、低自立水平儿童在延迟时间、延迟策略上存在显著差异.结论:与低自立水平儿童相比,高自立水平儿童自我延迟满足能力更强,提示儿童的自立发展水平可以预测其自我延迟满足的能力.     

儿童4岁时自我延迟满足能力对其9岁时学校社会交往能力预期的追踪

采用追踪研究,用实验室实验和情境观察相结合的方法考察了54名儿童4岁时的自我延迟满足能力,5年后结合教师访谈与评定、同伴提名、儿童自评等方法综合评定这些儿童9岁时的学校社会交往能力,探讨儿童4岁时自我延迟满足能力对其9岁时学校社会交往能力的预期作用。结果表明：儿童4岁时的自我延迟满足能力水平可以预期其9岁时的学校社会交往能力水平。4岁时自我延迟满足能力高的儿童在9岁时的学校社会交往能力总体发展也好,其遵守规则与执行任务能力、与教师交往能力、与同伴交往能力、社交情绪发展水平都显著高于那些在4岁时自我延迟满足能力低的儿童;反之则差     

延迟满足情境中2岁儿童对行为的自我控制能力和延迟策略的使用

以2岁儿童为被试,探讨其在延迟满足情境中的自我控制能力发展的状况。结果表明:(1)2岁儿童已具有一定程度的自我控制能力,个体差异显著,性别差异不显著;(2)2岁儿童已能使用一定的延迟策略,包括问题解决、分心、寻求安慰、消极等待、寻求他人帮助、回避等,其中使用频率最高的是分心策略;(3)不同的策略对延迟时间有着不同的影响;(4)儿童对策略的使用不会因延迟满足情境的不同而出现显著差异。     

职业延迟满足研究述评

职业延迟满足强调人们为了实现长期职业目标, 克服职业生涯中即时满足的冲动和诱惑的选择倾向, 并为审视和解释个体职业生涯发展提供了新的视角。国外研究者一般从工作伦理的范畴来考察职业延迟满足, 而在中国, 职业延迟满足则成为一个明确的组织行为学概念得以发展。虽然国内外研究者从个体、组织和社会等多个层面考察了职业延迟满足的相关因素及其效果, 但由于该领域的研究起步较晚, 现有研究并不深入。未来应重点关注职业延迟满足的本土化研究、概念发展、测量方法的改进, 并纵向研究其对个体职业成长的影响机制与效果。     

延迟满足的研究方法、理论及现状

延迟满足从20世纪70年代开始,就受到了心理学家们的广泛重视和研究.本文首先从研究方法上回顾了延迟满足的实验室研究基本模式;其次,从理论上对延迟满足的生物社会模型-冷热系统分析进行了介绍,并总结了延迟满足的非认知因素研究方面的最新成果;最后对延迟满足在不同领域及不同群体中的研究进行了述评,并对延迟满足研究进行了展望.     

3~5岁幼儿自我延迟满足的发展特点及其中澳跨文化比较

采用实验室实验和情境观察相结合的方法,考察了我国3~5岁幼儿自我延迟满足发展的特点及中澳幼儿自我延迟满足的跨文化差异。研究结果表明：(1) 3~5岁幼儿自我延迟满足平均延迟时间随年龄增长而延长;3岁幼儿使用延迟策略少,4岁幼儿主要使用寻求策略,5岁幼儿主要使用寻求策略和自我分心、问题解决策略,自我言语控制策略在整个幼儿期始终不具有显著优势性。(2) 澳大利亚幼儿自我延迟满足发展水平高于我国同龄幼儿;在延迟策略选择上中澳幼儿既具有差异性,又具有一定的相似性;文化价值观通过教育影响着幼儿自我延迟满足的发展。     

学前儿童延迟满足的实验研究方法述评

延迟满足之所以能够发展成为一个相对独立的概念结构,在很大程度上取决于研究方法的突破。学前儿童延迟满足研究领域目前有三种典型的实验研究方法,即自我延迟方法、外加延迟方法和礼物延迟方法,这些研究方法对于延迟满足研究起到了十分重要的作用。但这些研究方法似乎都忽略了延迟满足过程中的一种重要的心理过程——价值评判。儿童之所以愿意忍耐长时等待,是因为他们做出了符合自己需要的选择,这一选择过程在延迟满足过程中具有重要的作用。基于延迟满足中的价值评判,尝试性地提出了对延迟满足研究方法的初步改进方案。     

儿童自我延迟满足心理机制的研究综述

1　引言　　延迟满足 (ｄｅｌａｙｏｆｇｒａｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ)这一观念的起源可追溯到弗洛伊德 ,他对延迟满足富有创新性的论述主要体现在外加延迟满足 (ｅｘｔｅｒｎａｌｉｍｐｏｓｅｄｄｅ ｌａｙ ,ＥＩＤ)的情境上 ,即认为当直接满足实现发现障碍或推迟时 ,儿童通过对实际上暂不存在的、需要延迟满足的对象产生“幻觉意象” ,来达到消解紧张和由延迟满足所带来的烦恼 ,并最终度过延迟期限而得到满足。斯金纳在小说《华尔登第二》中也曾阐述过延迟满足的现象[1] 。但延迟满足作为一个研究范式的确立 ,当属社会认知心理学家米契尔 (Ｗ…     

Delay of Gratification in Two- and Three-Year-Olds: Associations with Attachment, Personality, and Temperament

Delay of gratification in young children has been linked to long-term behavioral and academic outcomes. This study explored temperament, personality, and child–parent attachment as possible associates of delay ability. The sample consisted of 50 2- and 3-year-old children and their primary caregivers. Two laboratory tasks, the Preschool Strange Situation and the newly created Gift Delay Task, were conducted on separate occasions to assess child–parent attachment and delay of gratification, respectively. Parents and preschool teachers completed child temperament (EASI-III) and personality (California Child Q-Set) questionnaires. Based on the award-oriented behavior in the Gift Delay Task, children were classified into three groups: Delay (20 %), Touch and Go (i.e., approached the gift, but demonstrated some delay ability; 46 %), and Non Delay (34 %). Reports on activity, impulsivity, decision time, negative emotionality, over-control, and affect were found to be associated with delay ability. The association between child–parent attachment and delay was not statistically significant, but an interesting trend emerged. A larger percentage of Non Delayers were rated as Insecure-Ambivalent (“C”), and more Delayers were rated as Securely attached (“B”). Implications for behavioral interventions focused on parental support and scaffolding are discussed.     

Tests of the Relationship Between Children's Temperament and Asthma and of the Reliability and Validity of the Brief Scale of Temperament

Two studies are reported. One examined the reliability and validity of a brief scale to measure children's temperament; the other tested the relationship of early temperament and the development of asthma. In Study 1, principal caretakers of 46 4- to 7-year-olds, usually the mothers, filled out questionnaires containing the Brief Scale of Temperament (BST) and the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. The caretakers did this twice, about 1 week apart. The first time the children's recent temperament was assessed, and the second time past (> 1 year) temperament was assessed. Internal consistency and correlational analyses revealed substantial reliability and validity for BST assessments of recent and past temperament. Study 2 incorporated the BST in a large-scale survey of 325 families, with parents providing data on their children's asthma and temperament. BST assessments of early (past) temperament were made retrospectively regarding the child's first few years. Comparisons of early temperament revealed no differences between children who developed asthma and those who did not in their overall scores on the BST or for any of the temperament characteristics it measures. In addition, correlational analyses of data for asthmatics showed that early temperament was not related to ratings of the severity of the asthma condition the children developed or the impacts of any of 12 specific asthma triggers, including any involving emotional states, such as stress or worry.