Jus Ad Bellum,Values, and the Contemporary Structure of International Law

In “Religion, Violence, and Human Rights: Protection of Human Rights as Justification for the Use of Armed Force,” James Johnson discusses an important dilemma for contemporary society: when should transnational military force be permitted to protect human rights? Professor Johnson uses the relatively recent doctrine of a “responsibility to protect” as the centerpiece of his paper, characterizing it as a reaction to legal concepts that emerged in the “Westphalian system.” Yet the doctrine, at least as it relates to the use of military force, is not a reaction to that system but, rather, to the relatively recent system of the UN Charter, particularly its relegation to the Security Council of the exclusive authority to determine when military force should be used for purposes other than self‐defense. When the Cold War ended and the Security Council failed to act to protect human rights, the doctrine was born.     

Restitution Post Bellum: Property,Inheritance, and Corrective Justice

When should property which was unjustly taken in wartime be returned to the victims of misappropriation, or their heirs? This article argues that Cécile Fabre's Cosmopolitan Peace understates the force of arguments favouring restitution. Rather than seeing claims for restitution made by the descendants of victims as concerned with the redress of harm, they can be understood as resting on enduring entitlements to property. This allows for an account of corrective justice which is robust across generations, and which can be justified aside from, and even sometimes in opposition to, concerns of distributive justice.     

Jus interruptus bellum: the ethics of truce-making

With his new book, A Theory of Truces, Nir Eisikovits has succeed in producing the most comprehensive and insightful book to exist on the nature and morality of truces during international military conflict. In it he plausibly argues that thought about such conflict should avoid binary terms such as long-lasting peace and all-out war, and instead must readily acknowledge conditions ‘in between’ them, such as cease-fires and agreements to limit belligerence to certain times. In this critical notice of Eisikovits’ book, I have two major aims, in light of the fact that in it he does not systematically engage with the contemporary literature on and positions in just war theory. One aim is to situate Eisikovits’ analysis of truces in that context, and to contend that he has implicitly founded a new field that would be aptly labelled jus interruptus bellum as distinct from jus in bello and jus ex bello. Another is to build on Eisikovits’ ethical appraisal of truces, by considering what principles of just war theory entail for them.     

Post/Human Conditions

Abstract

Perhaps one of the most pressing issues for the twenty-first century will be the impact of new technologies on our experiences and understandings of what it means to be human. For many commentators, this signals the advent of the ‘posthuman condition’, in which digital technologies will have the capacity to reconfigure our conceptions of space and time; cybernetic devices will enhance and augment bodies and minds; and genetic modification will challenge the fixity of ‘human nature’ at the most fundamental level. This article examines some of the most influential discourses—from science, ethics and popular culture—that promise to shape the choices and values determining how such technologies will be used, and to what ends. Closer analysis reveals a multiplicity of visions of ‘posthuman conditions’, however, informed by a diversity of philosophical, ethical, political — and theological—understandings of what it means to be human in an age of technology; and this article proposes the terminology of ‘post/human’ as a critical device designed to alert us to the choices and values inherent in our engagement with our tools and technologies. The article concludes by advancing some themes by which a deeper theological critique of the post/human might be conducted: transcendence, sacramentality and creativity, divine and human.     

感染后与非感染后肠易激综合征的多维特点

探讨感染后(PI)与非感染后肠易激综合征(NPI-IBS)的临床,精神心理,组织学特点.取IBS患者和正常人进行问卷调查,了解其多维特点.分别检测肥大细胞的数目.结果显示:(1)PI-IBS与NPI-IBS患者临床,心理特征不同;(2)IBS两组患者肥大细胞的数目无差异,与对照组比较差异明显.因此认为PI-IBS和NPI-IBS有特征差异,对临床治疗有一定指导意义.     

Post traumatic stress disorders

A clinical overview of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) is presented emphasizing altered qualities of experience and behavior. A schema of human psychological responses to stressful life events is reviewed as an introduction to the extensive development of concepts of pathological stress response syndromes: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders; post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic type; delayed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. An illustrative case history is presented. The potential development of PTSD in individuals experiencing less than overwhelming stressors is conceptualized.     

后伯林自由观:概念辨析

本文旨在对以赛亚·伯林<两种自由概念>发表后西方政治哲学中关于自由概念与观念的争论作一综合评析.本文评介了麦卡勒姆的三要素自由概念,分析了哈耶克、阿伦特以及米勒等人对自由观念的划分,以揭示自由这一复杂的政治哲学概念的多重维度及其关联.     

Ceteris Paribus Post

Many have claimed that ceteris paribus (CP) laws are a quite legitimate feature of scientific theories, some even going so far as to claim that laws of all scientific theories currently on offer are merely CP. We argue here that one of the common props of such a thesis, that there are numerous examples of CP laws in physics, is false. Moreover, besides the absence of genuine examples from physics, we suggest that otherwise unproblematic claims are rendered untestable by the mere addition of the CP operator. Thus, “CP all Fs are Gs” when read as a straightforward statement of fact, cannot be the stuff of scientific theory. Rather, we suggest that when ``ceteris paribus' appears in scientific works it plays a pragmatic role of pointing to more respectable claims. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

(Post)Enlightened Science

The Tragedy of Technology, by Stephen Hill, London: Pluto Press, 1988, 294 pages, hb £27.50, pb £8.95.     

Post,Oblique, Human

Abstract

Taking its cue from the oblique of Elaine L. Graham's ‘post/human’, this essay examines the difficult relationship between humanism and its ‘post’. If, as Graham points out, the present moment is one in which anthropocentrism is both in crisis and deferred to as ‘common sense’, what is to be done? Perhaps the answer lies in strategies for ‘obliquing’ humanist discourse, working through its contradictions in order to establish the ‘post/human’ as a figure that forever disrupts humanism.     

Stress counselling in the Post Office

This paper highlights a unique experiment in stress counselling in industry. It will provide the background to an in-house stress counselling service for postal employees in the north-west and north-east of England. The structure of the counselling service, its location within the organization, the problems of setting it up, the terms of reference, the client base and many more issues will be discussed. In addition, systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of the service has also been independently undertaken and will be discussed. Preliminary findings on the impact of stress counselling on sickness absence and psychosocial measures of job stress are presented and discussed.     

新公共卫生与后医学时代

现代社会出现的超重、肥胖、吸烟、吸毒、不安全性行为等社会压力和社会环境导致的各种退行性疾病和新传染病(艾滋病等)新公共卫生问题,主要靠非卫生部门的努力,即由政府主导、社会各部门和群众参与,按生物心理社会医学模式,用健康教育和健康促进战略,深入社区,对人们的行为进行干预,医生与服务对象(健康人、亚健康人、病人)共同努力才能取胜。医务人员需转变观念、更新服务模式,为提高全民健康素质,全面建设小康社会,自觉地促进此历史性的变革。     

新公共卫生与后医学时代

现代社会出现的超重、肥胖、吸烟、吸毒、不安全性行为等社会压力和社会环境导致的各种退行性疾病和新传染病(艾滋病等)新公共卫生问题,主要靠非卫生部门的努力,即由政府主导、社会各部门和群众参与,按生物心理社会医学模式,用健康教育和健康促进战略,深入社区,对人们的行为进行干预,医生与服务对象(健康人、亚健康人、病人)共同努力才能取胜.医务人员需转变观念、更新服务模式,为提高全民健康素质,全面建设小康社会,自觉地促进此历史性的变革.     

Distance Guidance: Careers Advice by Post

Careers guidance is traditionally carried out face-to-face. Use may be made of facilities such as job-information leaflets and computer programs which the client uses on their own (perhaps at the suggestion of the counsellor), but the core of the guidance process is generally the careers interview. Issues examined include: is it possible to provide adequate guidance without face-to-face contact between client and counsellor? what might be lost or gained by the difference in approach? what are the circumstances in which distance guidance might be appropriate and how is it best provided?     

网络技术与后现代哲学

一网络技术:"不像"对于"像"的挑战 "网络"或"互联网"是当代科学技术成果,一种发明,来自于想象和需要,像从前人类曾经有过的所有技术一样,人类技术发明的动机是为了自己的方便,比如人们不满意用脚走路,于是就发明了轮子.但是轮子和脚的模样一点也不相像.同样的道理,无论互联网是否曾经受到蜘蛛网的启发,互联网与蜘蛛网也不相像.