核心家庭父亲协同教养对青少年抑郁的影响:父子依恋和母子依恋的中介作用

基于家庭系统理论,采用父亲协同教养、父子依恋、母子依恋和抑郁量表,对河南省某中学初中一、二年级,高中一、二年级共计890名来自核心家庭的青少年进行调查,探索父亲协同教养各维度（团结、一致、冲突、贬低）与青少年抑郁之间的关系,以及父子依恋和母子依恋在二者关系中的中介作用。结果表明：（1）在控制其它维度作用的情况下,父亲协同教养中的团结和冲突对青少年抑郁具有显著的预测作用,一致和贬低对抑郁的预测作用不显著,表明团结、冲突对青少年抑郁具有显著的“独特效应”;（2）团结、一致、冲突、贬低性协同教养均对母子依恋具有显著影响,支持家庭系统中的“交叉效应”;团结、冲突对父子依恋具有显著影响,支持家庭系统中的“外溢效应”;（3）中介效应分析的结果表明,团结、一致、冲突对抑郁的直接效应不显著,母子依恋在团结与青少年抑郁、冲突与青少年抑郁的关系中起到完全中介作用,但父子依恋的中介作用不显著。本研究有助于增进对父亲协同教养的认知,对于指导家庭教育实践、促进青少年心理积极发展具有重要的意义。     

祖辈参与教养与幼儿社会能力的关系:母亲育儿压力和母亲教养效能感的链式中介作用

为探究祖辈参与教养对幼儿社会能力的影响及作用机制,采用祖父母参与幼儿生活状况调查问卷、亲职压力简表、父母教养能力感量表和儿童社会能力与行为评价量表,对691名幼儿及其母亲和祖辈进行调查。结果发现:(1)祖辈参与教养与幼儿社会能力呈显著正相关;(2)母亲育儿压力和母亲教养效能感在祖辈参与教养和幼儿社会能力间起部分中介作用;(3)母亲育儿压力、母亲教养效能感在祖辈参与教养和幼儿社会能力间起链式中介作用。     

父亲抑郁对幼儿问题行为的影响:教养效能感和教养方式的中介作用

以310名幼儿父亲为研究对象,采用流行病调查中心抑郁量表、父母教养能力感量表的教养效能感分问卷、父母教养方式评价量表和Conners儿童行为问卷,考察父亲教养效能感和教养方式在父亲抑郁与幼儿问题行为间的中介作用。结果显示:(1)父亲抑郁、专制粗暴、情感联系和幼儿问题行为两两之间均显著正相关,父亲教养效能感、民主关怀、宽容理解两两之间均显著正相关,父亲教养效能感、民主关怀、宽容理解分别与父亲抑郁、专制粗暴、情感联系和幼儿问题行为两两之间显著负相关;(2)父亲抑郁对幼儿问题行为具有显著的正向预测作用;(3)父亲教养效能感和自身的民主关怀、专制粗暴、情感联系不仅分别在父亲抑郁与幼儿问题行为之间起部分中介作用,而且在父亲抑郁与幼儿问题行为之间起链式中介作用。     

父亲协同教养对儿童学校适应的影响:父子依恋的中介作用

为考察父亲协同教养对儿童学校适应的影响及父子依恋在其中的中介作用,采用父亲协同教养问卷、父子依恋问卷和中小学生学校适应行为量表对892名9～11岁儿童进行问卷调查。结果表明:(1)父亲积极协同教养显著正向预测儿童社会能力;(2)父亲消极协同教养显著负向预测儿童社会能力,显著正向预测儿童反社会行为;(3)父子依恋在父亲积极和消极协同教养与儿童学校适应之间均起中介作用。     

3~4岁幼儿谎言概念理解的特点及心理理论、父母教养方式的作用

以165名3~4岁幼儿为研究对象,采用情境故事法考察谎言概念理解的年龄特点,并进一步探讨幼儿心理理论、父母教养方式对幼儿谎言概念理解的作用。结果表明:(1)幼儿对说真话行为与说谎行为的概念理解不是同步发展的,对说谎的概念理解要早于对说真话的理解,4岁幼儿的谎言概念理解水平高于3岁;(2)控制幼儿的年龄和言语能力后,心理理论与谎言概念理解显著正相关,专制教养方式与谎言概念理解显著负相关;(3)幼儿心理理论在专制教养方式与谎言概念理解之间起部分中介作用。     

青少年家庭人际关系的特点及其对社会适应的作用机制

考察青少年家庭人际关系的特点,并探讨家庭人际关系、总体家庭功能对青少年社会适应的作用机制。采用问卷调查对6城市的2341名中学生进行集体施测。结果发现:(1)青少年的家庭人际关系存在性别和年级差异。女生亲子依恋的得分显著高于男生;在亲子冲突上,初一年级显著低于其它年级;在亲子依恋、父母亲密、父母冲突上,各年级两两之间均存在显著差异。(2)青少年的家庭人际关系可分为四类:和谐型、高亲子冲突型、高父母冲突型、双高冲突型,分别占30.6%,24.9%,24.4%,20.1%,不同类型的青少年在社会适应各维度上的得分存在显著差异。(3)总体家庭功能在父母冲突和青少年积极适应之间以及父母亲密和消极适应之间起完全中介作用;在亲子依恋与积极适应、父母亲密与积极适应、亲子依恋与消极适应、父母冲突与消极适应之间起部分中介作用。     

祖辈共同养育模式下幼儿母子依恋对问题行为的影响：祖孙依恋的中介作用

采用幼儿依恋量表和儿童行为量表（Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL）测量265名祖辈共同养育幼儿的母子依恋、祖孙依恋和问题行为的情况,考察祖辈共同养育幼儿的祖孙依恋在母子依恋与问题行为的中介作用。结果发现：（1）祖辈共同养育幼儿的母子依恋与祖孙依恋呈显著正相关,幼儿的母子依恋与内化问题行为、外化问题行为呈显著负相关,幼儿的祖孙依恋与内化问题行为、外化问题行为呈显著负相关;（2）祖辈共同养育幼儿的祖孙依恋完全中介母子依恋对内化问题行为、外化问题行为的影响。     

亲子依恋和祖孙依恋的一致与不一致和儿童主观幸福感的关系

为检验亲隔代协同教养家庭中亲子依恋和祖孙依恋质量的一致与不一致对儿童主观幸福感(包括生活满意度、积极情感和消极情感)的影响，本研究采用亲子依恋和祖孙依恋问卷、主观幸福感量表对178个亲隔代协同教养家庭的儿童进行调查，响应面分析发现：(1)拥有一致高质量亲子依恋和祖孙依恋关系的儿童主观幸福感水平更高；(2)亲子依恋与祖孙依恋质量不一致时，亲子依恋质量高于祖孙依恋质量的儿童生活满意度更高，且高质量亲子依恋或祖孙依恋均能提升儿童积极情感。本研究加深了多重依恋对儿童发展的理解，也提示在亲隔代协同教养家庭中可以从依恋入手促进儿童心理健康的发展。     

家庭经济压力与青少年抑郁:歧视知觉和亲子依恋的作用

对703名初中生(平均年龄14.30岁)进行问卷调查, 探讨了青少年歧视知觉、亲子依恋在家庭经济压力与青少年抑郁关系中的中介和调节作用。结果表明:(1)在控制了性别、年级后, 家庭经济压力对青少年抑郁具有显著的正向预测作用;(2)在家庭经济压力对抑郁的正向预测关系中, 歧视知觉起中介作用;(3)家庭经济压力通过歧视知觉对抑郁的中介作用受到亲子依恋的调节, 相对于亲子依恋水平较高的青少年, 中介效应仅在亲子依恋水平较低的青少年中显著。     

母亲养育压力对幼儿创造性人格的影响:教养方式的中介作用

以来自两所幼儿园的331名幼儿的母亲为研究对象,使用威廉斯创造性人格倾向量表、父母压力量表和教养方式与维度问卷来考察母亲养育压力对幼儿创造性人格的影响,以及教养方式在其中的中介作用。研究发现:(1)幼儿创造性人格得分处于中等水平,与幼儿年龄、家庭社会经济地位显著正相关;(2)母亲的养育压力、专制教养方式与幼儿创造性人格显著负相关,母亲的权威教养方式与幼儿创造性人格显著正相关;(3)控制幼儿年龄与家庭社会经济地位影响后,母亲的权威教养方式在其养育压力对幼儿创造性人格的影响中起到部分中介作用。     

父母协同教养与学前儿童社会行为的关系:亲子关系和同胞关系的链式中介作用

以河南省某市四所幼儿园大、中、小班共196名学前儿童及其父母和教师为研究对象,基于家庭系统理论,采用父、母填写的父母感知协同教养量表和亲子关系量表、母亲填写的儿童早期同胞关系质量问卷和幼儿教师报告的儿童行为量表探讨亲子关系、同胞关系在父母感知协同教养与学前儿童社会行为之间的中介作用。结果发现：（1）母子冲突和母子亲密分别在母亲感知协同教养与同胞冲突和同胞温暖间起部分中介作用;父子冲突和父子亲密分别在父亲感知协同教养与同胞冲突和同胞温暖间起完全中介作用;（2）父/母子冲突和同胞冲突在母亲感知协同教养和儿童攻击行为间起链式中介作用;父子冲突和同胞冲突在父亲感知协同教养和儿童攻击行为间起链式中介作用。     

Promoting Positive Relationship Between Parents and Grandparents: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Triple P Plus Compassion in Vietnam

In Vietnamese culture, grandparents are significantly involved in the upbringing of grandchildren. This involvement of grandparents entails lots of ambiguities and challenges. Boundaries between parents and grandparents are often unclear, and communication can be restricted due to power differentials, leading to inconsistent discipline. This study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of the Group Triple P–Positive Parenting Program plus Building Coparenting Alliance—a compassion-focused module to promote the parent-grandparents relationship. One hundred Vietnamese parents whose parents or parent in-laws provided care for their children were randomly assigned to either an intervention condition (n = 50) or a waitlist control condition (n = 50). Both groups were assessed at three time-points (pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 6-month follow-up). The short-term intervention effects were found across domains, including co-parenting conflict, parents' self-compassion, dysfunctional parenting, parenting self-efficacy, parental adjustment, child behavioral problems and child prosocial behaviors. Intervention effects on co-parenting conflict, parenting behaviors, and the child's prosocial behaviors were maintained at a 6-month follow-up. This study demonstrates the efficacy of Triple P plus compassion in promoting co-parenting relationships between parents and grandparents, enhancing parenting practice and child outcomes in Vietnamese families.     

Paternal and maternal influences on family functioning among Hong Kong Chinese families

The linkages between dyadic relationships in the family and family functioning were examined in 378 Chinese families on two occasions. The following dyadic relationships were investigated: (a) parent-child relationship qualities reported by adolescent children (questionnaire and interview measures of parenting style, parent-adolescent conflict, parent-adolescent communication, and parent-adolescent relationship) and by their parents (questionnaire measures of parent-child relationship quality and demand); and (b) marital quality reported by the parents via questionnaire measures. Results showed that parents' and children's views of family functioning were longitudinally related to dyadic relationships in the family. Relative to mother-adolescent relationship and mothers' report of marital quality, father-adolescent relationship and fathers' report of marital quality were generally found to have a stronger association with perception of family functioning and its change over time.     

Parental Dysphoria and Children’s Adjustment: Marital Conflict Styles,Children’s Emotional Security,and Parenting as Mediators of Risk

Dimensions of martial conflict, children's emotional security regarding interparental conflict, and parenting style were examined as mediators between parental dysphoria and child adjustment. A community sample of 262 children, ages 8–16, participated with their parents. Behavioral observations were made of parents’ interactions during marital conflict resolution tasks, which children later observed to assess their emotional security. Questionnaires assessed parents’ dysphoria, parenting, and children's adjustment. Structural equation modeling indicated that parental dysphoria was linked with child adjustment through specific and distinct mediating family processes, including marital conflict and parenting. Children's emotional security in the context of particular marital conflict styles also mediated relations between parental dysphoria and child adjustment problems, with similar pathways found for mothers and fathers. These pathways remained significant even after significant parenting contributions were considered.     

父母婚姻冲突与初中生学业倦怠的关系:共同教养的中介作用

本研究基于家庭系统论的溢出假说,以376名初中生作为被试,采用父母婚姻冲突问卷、学业倦怠问卷和父母共同教养问卷,探讨父母婚姻冲突、父母共同教养对初中生学业倦怠的影响及其作用机制。研究结果发现：（1）父母婚姻冲突中的冲突频率、冲突强度因子与学业倦怠呈显著正相关,不支持型父母共同教养与学业倦怠呈显著正相关,支持型父母共同教养与学业倦怠呈显著负相关;父母婚姻冲突与不支持型父母共同教养呈显著正相关,婚姻冲突较高的父母在共同教养中表现出更多不支持的教养行为;（2）不支持型父母共同教养作为单独变量在父母婚姻冲突与学业倦怠之间起完全中介作用。     

Adult Attachment Styles, the Desire to Have Children, and Working Models of Parenthood

ABSTRACT College students who had yet to marry and begin a family were asked about their desire to have children and their beliefs and expectations about themselves as parents (Study 1) and the characteristics of their prospective children (Study 2). Persons with more avoidant and anxious-ambivalent models of close adult relationships harbored more negative models of parent-hood and parent-child relationships. These findings indicate that working models of parenting and parent-child relationships form well before marriage and the birth of children and that these models are systematically associated with attachment styles in adult relationships. The findings also suggest ways in which insecure attachments between child and parent may be influenced by the caregiver's models of parenting and parent-child relationships.     

离婚对儿童青少年心理发展的影响:父母冲突的重要作用

离婚对儿童青少年心理发展的影响从20世纪70年代末开始引起国内外研究者的极大关注。本文从以下三个方面对离婚如何影响儿童青少年心理发展的研究进行综述:(1)离婚与儿童青少年心理发展关系的研究在不同历史阶段的理论变迁——从"严重影响说"到"有限影响说";(2)离婚影响儿童青少年心理发展的机制探讨:大量研究都证实父母冲突是比离婚本身对儿童青少年影响更大的一个因素,离婚前父母冲突会调节离婚对儿童青少年的影响方向和大小,离婚后的父母冲突与父母共同养育会通过影响亲子关系和父母的教养行为进而对儿童青少年的心理发展造成影响;(3)现有研究对实践工作以及未来研究方向的启示。     

Using Consumer Input to Tailor Evidence-Based Parenting Interventions to the Needs of Grandparents

Grandparents provide a significant amount of child care to their grandchildren. However, there is limited research investigating whether grandparents would view a parenting program developed specifically for them as useful. Our study adopted a consumer focused perspective to program design and examined the challenges encountered by grandparents in their role as an informal child care provider. Focus groups were conducted with fourteen grandparents (11 females, 3 males) aged 45–76?years (M?=?60.14) the majority of whom provided 11–20?h of care per week to their grandchild. A thematic analysis indicated that grandparents have difficulty managing the relationship with the parents and remembering effective parenting strategies. In addition, grandparents also indicated wanting further strategies to cope with the stressors associated with the role, particularly surrounding feelings of frustration and guilt. These results suggest that grandparents could benefit from a parenting program and this paper argues that an existing evidence-based parenting program should be modified. In terms of implications for program design the inclusion of a module centered on improving grandparent–parent communication and partner support may buffer potential conflict and tension that can arise in co-parenting situations.     

学龄前留守儿童亲子依恋对执行功能的影响:祖孙依恋的调节作用和中介作用

本研究探究了学龄前留守儿童亲子依恋、祖孙依恋与执行功能之间的关系,并进一步分析了祖孙依恋的调节作用和中介作用。对155名南昌市农村地区的学龄前留守儿童及其父母亲和（外）祖父母进行研究,研究工具包括亲子依恋量表（Waters Attachment Q-sort Items）和执行功能任务组。结果表明：（1）学龄前留守儿童亲子依恋与祖孙依恋、执行功能子成分抑制控制呈显著正相关,祖孙依恋与执行功能子成分抑制控制和认知灵活性呈显著正相关;（2）祖孙依恋在亲子依恋对学龄前留守儿童执行功能子成分抑制控制的影响之间存在调节效应;（3）祖孙依恋在亲子依恋对学龄前留守儿童执行功能子成分抑制控制和认知灵活性的影响之间存在中介效应。结论是可通过改善亲子依恋和祖孙依恋的质量来促进儿童执行功能的发展。