Terror of Hope: the Integration of Attachment Theory and Womanist Theology

Hope functions as a potential coping mechanism for individuals who find themselves in stressful or difficult life situations, whether going through a personal grievance or experiencing the pain of systemized oppression. In recent history the study of hope in psychology and theology has grown and become prominent in each field. These forms of hope are often understood in two predominating categories, one which simplifies it to optimism or the other which relegates it to the future. The first understanding of hope, which I refer to as optimistic hope, distills hope into individualistic motivations with goal-setting for the future; individual progression. The second understanding of hope, which I refer to as eschatological hope, pushes hope to the edge of escapism into the next life. However, there is a third type which is influenced by womanist theology—complex hope. By using the work of womanist theologian A. Elaine Brown Crawford, Hope in the Holler and attachment theory, I attempt to show the potential risk and connection between optimistic hope and eschatological hope with insecure attachment types, and complex hope with secure attachment. Then by using the psychological model of self-development, I offer how one might develop mature complex hope in adolescence and adulthood. Lastly, I give a practical application of how one applies this method in their own situation, specifically as a minister or church leader.     

The Organization of Multisegmental Pulls Made by Standing Humans: II. Submaximal Pulls

Previously, an autonomous oscillator model with three parameters was derived that describes the relationship between anterior-posterior center of mass motions and pulling force for near-maximal, bimanual pulls made by standing subjects (Michaels, Lee, & Pai, 1993). The present study evaluated the extent to which a full range of pulling forces could be fit by the model and how the model's three parameters changed with intended pulling force. How much variation in force each parameter could contribute was determined by simulating the model. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of pulls made by 6 well-practiced subjects at 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 95% of their maximum pulling force revealed that the model holds well, except for the least forceful pulls of some subjects. Two parameters appeared to be controlled; one, related to the position of the center of pressure, varied most among less forceful pulls; the second, related to the position of the center of mass at the time of handle-force onset, varied most among more forceful pulls. How these parameters might be set is discussed.     

The Organization of Multisegmental Pulls Made by Standing Humans: II. Submaximal Pulls

Previously, an autonomous oscillator model with three parameters was derived that describes the relationship between anterior-posterior center of mass motions and pulling force for near-maximal, bimanual pulls made by standing subjects (Michaels, Lee, Pai, 1993). The present study evaluated the extent to which a full range of pulling forces could be fit by the model and how the model's three parameters changed with intended pulling force. How much variation in force each parameter could contribute was determined by simulating the model. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of pulls made by 6 well-practiced subjects at 5prcent;, 10prcent;, 20prcent;, 40prcent;, 60prcent;, 80prcent;, and 95prcent; of their maximum pulling force revealed that the model holds well, except for the least forceful pulls of some subjects. Two parameters appeared to be controlled; one, related to the position of the center of pressure, varied most among less forceful pulls; the second, related to the position of the center of mass at the time of handle-force onset, varied most among more forceful pulls. How these parameters might be set is discussed.     

基督教女性主义神学研究述评

出现于20世纪60、70年代西方女性主义运动第二次高潮时期的基督教女性主义神学(Christian Feminist Theology)使女性开始对自身的处境进行更深层次的神学反思,女性主义神学既推动了世俗女性主义运动向纵深方向发展,又丰富了对基督教神学传统的理解.本文将对基督教女性主义神学的起源和内容进行梳理和概括,并对其进行简要评论,以期从整体上勾勒出基督教女性主义神学的风貌.     

Not All Is Well in My Ancestors' Home: An Indigenous Theology of Internal Critique

Indigenous communities are not of themselves holistic, and are not necessarily free from abuse of power. They are equally in need of internal reforms and emancipation from external forces of dominance and marginalization exist. Indigenous communities need an internal critique of people's experiences, particularly minorities and women. This thesis is set in the context of the Ao Naga Indigenous people of Northeast India.