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《心理科学进展》2015,(10)
2002年,英国剑桥大学Baron-Cohen等研究者正式提出了广受关注的孤独症"极端男性脑理论"(Extreme Male Brain Theory),核心观点是认为孤独症是男性认知风格的极端变体,其在以"共情"为特征的女性心理特质上存在缺陷,而在以"系统化"为特征的男性心理特质上获得扩展。极端男性脑理论以"共情-系统化理论"为基础,又拓展到之后的"高度系统化理论",理论体系不断完善。尽管也面临一些挑战,但该理论业已得到心理学、神经科学乃至生物学等多学科大量研究的汇聚式支持,尤其是有关孤独症早期宫内过高雄性激素的发现更为其提供了最为有力的证据。在这一框架下,孤独症群体中的男性居多、指长比、利手、玩耍行为、父母职业以及孤岛能力等相关特质都能得到较合理解释,这为我们认识孤独症现象提供了崭新的视角。 相似文献
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道德判断的分级现象 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Blair(1996)发现即使没有心理理论的孤独症儿童,也具备道德判断能力。而Kahn(2004)认为没有心理理论就不可能完成道德判断。已有研究表明,道德判断可能需要一定程度的心理理论。孤独症儿童心理理论存在困难,影响他们理解道德情景并进行正确的道德判断,但这是否与任务的要求道德判断能力的程度不同有关呢?研究增加道德情景的复杂程度,进一步考察儿童道德判断规律。结果发现,道德判断有分级现象,第一级是直接对道德行为进行判断,孤独症和正常儿童都能完成该任务,可能是以原始情绪为基础的;第二级道德判断是对简单道德情景进行判断,需要以心理理论为基础,只有正常儿童才能完成;而对行为与意图不一致的复杂道德判断则需要以更加丰富的经历或者经验为基础,但其属于三级道德判断还是二级道德判断的高级形式还需要进一步的研究。 相似文献
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孤独症谱系障碍是一类具有遗传基础的儿童发展障碍疾病。近些年, 研究者们从分子病理学层面发现中枢胆碱能神经系统异常与孤独症患者认知和行为异常存在相关性。尸检研究、临床案例、动物模型研究均发现毒蕈碱型(M型)乙酰胆碱受体异常和孤独症的发生有着密切的关系。在以小鼠为模型的行为学研究中, 编码毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体Ⅲ亚型的CHRM3基因突变会导致小鼠出现认知障碍、刻板行为等孤独症样表现。深入了解CHRM3基因的功能将能够帮助研究者进一步解释孤独症的相关行为特征, 为孤独症儿童教育方案的制定提供新的思路和方法。 相似文献
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真理冗余论(Redundancy theory of truth)是当代的一种真理理论。通常认为,这种理论的首创者是英国剑桥大学数学家和哲学家拉姆齐(F. P. Ramsey,1903—1930),而这种理论的更精致的说法则是由美国哲学家格罗弗(D. Grover)等人1975年在一篇题为《真理的代语句词理论》(A Prosentential Theory of Truth)的著名论文中提出的。在二十世纪语言转向(linguistic turn)的哲学背景下,研究真理问题有一个很明显的特点,即紧密联系语言意义问题来研究真理问题。把握真理与意义之间的联系,的确是研究真 相似文献
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《心理科学进展》2015,(7)
拖延(Procrastination)是指尽管预见到该行为会带来不利后果,人们仍自愿推迟开始或完成某一计划好的行为。首先重点阐释了新近发展的几个时间取向的拖延行为模型:时间动机理论(Temporal Motivation Theory,TMT)模型、时间取向的双维模型(2×2 model of time-related academic behavior)和概念模型(Conceptual Model));然后在时间取向理论基础之上从内部因素(人格因素、认知因素和应对策略等)和外部因素(家庭环境、学校教育、任务性质等)两个方面对拖延行为的成因进行了分析。未来研究应该从拖延行为的心理机制、神经基础、行为遗传学以及开发有效的干预方法等方面开展大量的研究。 相似文献
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关于孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder, ASD)个体探测生物运动(biological motion)的能力是否受损,已有行为研究尚存分歧。导致分歧的原因可能源于实验刺激、实验任务和测量指标存在差异。然而,神经研究却一致证实其潜在的神经机制存在异常。领域特殊性观点认为该障碍可能是基于后侧颞上沟功能异常也可能是基于镜像神经元功能异常,而领域一般性观点认为该障碍可能是基于背侧视觉流功能异常的视运动知觉障碍也可能基于脑功能联结异常的弱中央统合障碍。据此,本文将从研究范式、行为表现及潜在机制三个方面梳理相关研究,以期为后续研究提供新方向。 相似文献
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三参照点理论(Tri-Reference Point Theory,Wang,2008a; Wang& Johnson,2012)以底线、现状和目标为参照点,将决策结果空间划分为失败、损失、获益和成功4个功能区域.根据3个参照点的心理权重的排序:底线>目标>现状,该模型继而推导出跨越不同区域的以现状为分界的双S-型的价值函数,以及据此产生的对于跨越不同参照点的预期结果的偏好转换、和损失-获益及失败-成功的两种不对称性.总之,风险决策的基本任务在于,在使得达到目标的可能性最大化的同时使底线不保的可能性最小化.三参照点理论将统计学和金融学中的均值与方差(均差)分析与行为决策研究中的参照点效应有机地结合在一起;在面对不同的风险选项时,通过分析各个预期结果的均差分布与3个参照点之间的关系作出适应性的决策.本文介绍了三参照点理论的基本推论、运行原则、实证检验、以及它与期望效用理论和前景理论相比较的异同之处.同时我们也探讨了三参照点理论对实践中管理决策的指导意义和多重启示. 相似文献
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模糊痕迹理论:对经典认知发展理论的挑战 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
近几十年来,推理和记忆的发展涌现出来的大量的实验结果对经典认知发展理论构成了挑战。对此,Reyna和Bminerd提出模糊痕迹理论试图解释以上研究成果。本文对该理论的核心内容和主要应用领域作了介绍。文末,对该理论作了简评。 相似文献
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The PTSD Theory and practice of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is explained and compared with other forms of cognitive
behavior therapy (CBT) that help clients to dispute their dysfunctional cognitive processing and to use exposure. Because
these other CBT Theoreries do not emphasize REBT's principles of absolutist musts and demands it is shown how REBT hypotheses
may better explain some of the cognitive processing theories of other CBT formulations regarding PTSD. 相似文献
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Previous research using the Wechsler scales has identified areas of cognitive weaknesses in children, adolescents, and adults diagnosed with Autism or Asperger's syndrome. The current study evaluates cognitive functioning in adolescents and adults diagnosed with Autism or Asperger's syndrome using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) and the Social Perception subtest from the Advanced Clinical Solutions. Deficits in social perception, verbal comprehension, and processing speed were found in the Autism sample. Additionally, they exhibited inconsistent performance on auditory working memory and perceptual reasoning tasks. The Asperger's syndrome group had better overall cognitive skills than the Autism group, but compared with controls, they had weaknesses in processing speed, social perception, and components of auditory working memory. Both groups had relatively low scores on the WAIS-IV Comprehension subtest compared with the other verbal comprehension subtests. Clinical application and utility of the WAIS-IV and Social Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorders are discussed. 相似文献
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Peter Stringer 《European journal of social psychology》1972,2(4):437-447
An implication was examined of three assumptions of Personal Construct Theory. Personal and supplied construct systems were compared for their capacity to account for 34 subjects' behaviour in an independent sorting task. It was found that either construct system tended to account for a significant amount of the variance in sorting behaviour, but that more was accounted for by personal Construct systems. Observations were made on the way in which this phenomenon varied between subjects, sub-tasks, and parts of construct systems. The assumptions examined were held to be relevant to Social perception and cognitive theories. 相似文献
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Blair RJ 《Consciousness and cognition》2005,14(4):698-718
Empathy is a lay term that is becoming increasingly viewed as a unitary function within the field of cognitive neuroscience. In this paper, a selective review of the empathy literature is provided. It is argued from this literature that empathy is not a unitary system but rather a loose collection of partially dissociable neurocognitive systems. In particular, three main divisions can be made: cognitive empathy (or Theory of Mind), motor empathy, and emotional empathy. The two main psychiatric disorders associated with empathic dysfunction are considered: autism and psychopathy. It is argued that individuals with autism show difficulties with cognitive and motor empathy but less clear difficulties with respect to emotional empathy. In contrast, individuals with psychopathy show clear difficulties with a specific form of emotional empathy but no indications of impairment with cognitive and motor empathy. 相似文献
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The second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is sexually differentiated and is a likely biomarker for the organisational (permanent) effects of prenatal testosterone on the human brain. Recent research has highlighted a possible role of prenatal testosterone levels in both the etiology of autism-spectrum disorders and in sex and individual differences in cognitive styles of the normal mind (Baron-Cohen’s Extreme Male Brain Theory of Autism and Empathising/Systemising Theory). Importantly, autistic children present lower (hypermasculinised) 2D:4D than healthy controls. Based on these accounts, we investigated the relation of 2D:4D with Baron-Cohen’s measures of empathising (“Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test, RMET; Empathy Quotient, EQ), systemising (Systemising Quotient, SQ), and autistic-like traits (Autism-Spectrum Quotient, AQ) in the general population (N = 423 Austrian adults). Whereas sex differences into the expected direction and of expected size were obtained for all variables and internal scale consistencies tallied to retrievable reference values, 2D:4D was unrelated to RMET, EQ, SQ, and AQ scores. Candidate explanations for this lack of correlation might be possible developmental timing differences in the expression of 2D:4D and empathising/systemising, qualitative (as opposed to quantitative) functional differences between the normal and the autistic mind, or the suboptimal psychometric properties of the measures. 相似文献
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Dumont-Mathieu T Fein D 《Mental retardation and developmental disabilities research reviews》2005,11(3):253-262
The literature on the importance of early identification and early intervention for children with developmental disabilities such as autism continues to grow. The increased prevalence of autistic spectrum disorders has fostered research efforts on the development and validation of autism-specific screening instruments for use with young children. There are currently several such autism-specific screening tools meant to be used with young children in various stages of development. Data from a few of these screening instruments have been published, and they include the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT), Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test (PDDST), Screening Tool for Autism in Two year olds (STAT), Checklist for Autism in Toddlers-23 (CHAT-23), and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT). In this review, these five tools designed for use with children under three years old will be highlighted. In particular, the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) will be discussed. 相似文献
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