道德增强与反增强的博弈与反思

随着技术干预和增强人类道德的系统性实现,引发了人们的希望与恐惧、期待与不安、支持与反对的对立。增强派认为,人类道德的发展已经严重滞后于科技进步,人类完全有权利进行道德增强:道德增强与自由意志、社会公平、人格特性等问题并不冲突,并能助人以达到"行善"境界。反增强派则主张人类无权进行道德增强:道德增强是一种"扮演上帝"的行为,会限制人类自由、扩大社会差距、人格同质化,甚至引发个体安全和社会风险等问题,道德增强的交锋实质上是传统道德自然主义与道德非自然主义两派博弈的理论翻版,它把技术与道德关系的思考引向深入,有助于人类探寻道德发展的新路径。     

自由的价值与道德生物增强的限度

在目前所能设想的人类增强技术中,通过生物医学手段来增强人类道德被认为是最没有争议的。但是否确实如此关键地取决于我们对道德的本质和来源及其在人类生活中的地位的认识和理解。通过集中考察英格玛·佩尔松和朱利安·萨瓦勒斯库对道德生物增强提出的倡议,本文尝试表明,鉴于人类道德生活的复杂性、多样性和开放性,鉴于我们目前对人类道德行为的神经生物学基础仍然缺乏充分明晰和系统的认识,利用生物医学手段来直接干预大脑以“增强”人类道德的做法不仅并不成熟,而且也未能充分正视自由与其他重要的人类价值之间错综复杂的关系。     

大学生道德人格特点的初步研究

结合道德心理学研究的新进展,采用问卷法,以803名大学生为被试,对大学生道德人格特点进行了研究。结果表明：（1）大学生道德人格的性别差异显著,大学女生的总分和与人为善因素分数显著高于大学男生,而大学男生的不道德性因素分数和刚正无私因素分数显著高于大学女生。（2）大学生道德人格总分的年级差异不显著,而在具体因素上差异显著：大三学生的与人为善分数明显高于大一和大四学生。（3）大学生道德人格与道德行为的相关极为显著,大学生道德人格是道德行为的有效预测源。     

人格同一性问题的还原论进路

作为最古老的哲学思考之一,尽管人们通常习惯于对人格同一性问题采用第三人称外部标准,或者持有宗教信念的人对其探讨也暗中预设一个不可还原论的灵魂。从而使问题变得无可辩驳。然而,由洛克奠定的第一人称记忆标准,经由巴特勒、雷德、休谟,直到以威廉姆斯和帕菲特为代表的当代分析哲学家的还原论进路,实际上构成了西方哲学家对该问题讨论的主流。这一进路在帕菲特那里达成了对人格同一性的问题消解,而它的背后却蕴含着旨在批判古典利已主义的目的论导向。本文工作仅限于按照还原论的内在逻辑来勾勒出这一进路的演进及其争论的内在关联。     

孔子与中国道德人格之转型

面对狂、狷人格日益泛滥的礼崩乐坏局面,为了克己复礼,孔子通过发展民间教育事业与倡导学而优则仕等方式提升中行人格或中庸人格,但其后大一统的皇权专制社会却滋生了数量更为庞大的主奴人格,这种人格也是一种关系人格或身份人格,它是先秦诸人格类型之集大成,与其存在的社会环境共同成为公民人格养成的强大阻力。为了培养公民人格,应当批判地继承孔子培养中行人格的精神和方法。     

论慎独与大学生道德人格成长

\"慎独\"作为原始儒家圣贤所倡导的修身方法和推崇的道德境界,是进行道德修养、完善道德人格的根本途径,对当今培养大学生道德人格有着重要的现实价值。要完善大学生的道德人格必须加强\"慎独\"之德的培养,而培养\"慎独\"之德的重要途径就是道德主体要心怀诚意和心存敬畏。     

论张謇的道德人格及其现实价值

张謇是中国近代化的开拓者之一。作为一个皇帝亲点的状元 ,却淡薄仕途 ,毅然走向以实业和教育而救国之途。他的一生 ,反映了一个爱国志士谋求国家兴盛的艰苦曲折的历程 ;他的思想和实践所体现出的高尚道德品格和开拓进取精神 ,是留给后人的一笔珍贵的财富。研究张謇的道德人格 ,承继先人的传统美德 ,对于弘扬和培育民族精神 ,促进当前的公民道德建设 ,具有一定的积极意义和现实价值。     

当代西方道德人格研究的两类取向

道德人格研究是西方道德心理学的新主题,主要有两类取向：特质取向和社会认知取向。特质取向把道德人格理解为与道德有关的人格特质,对道德榜样的自然概念和真实道德榜样的人格特征进行了大量研究。社会认知取向以社会认知图式、知识结构和认知－情感机制来解释道德人格,揭示了个体内部动态的心理过程。未来的道德人格研究要强调两类取向的结合,加强发展过程和影响因素研究,并注重多水平与多学科的整合。     

论网络文化条件下大学生道德人格的培育

网络技术的普及和运用对大学生道德人格的培育产生了深远的影响.大学生道德人格培育的关键是培育大学生的网络道德人格.通过把握虚拟性与真实性、多元性与普适性、共性与个性的统一,认清网络道德人格的实质.大学生网络道德人格的外部型塑不仅需要大学生在自我塑造上积极地正身、修己、明志,同时需要作为外因的高校道德教育树立大德育观念,提高教育者自身的素质,注重网络文化环境建设,以此调动学生自我探求、自我创造、自我约束、自我修养的积极意识.     

化学技术在人类道德增强中的作用析论

化学是打开人类道德进化的一本书。化学演进史亦是人类道德演进史。在与传统化学技术互动的历史进程中,道德因之发生了正向增强与反向进化的双重演化。与传统化学技术相比,非传统化学技术基于自然主义的理论立场,把道德问题还原为技术问题,继而借助化学药物的嵌入,对"道德因子"进行增删补益,从而实现了人类道德增强作用"量的增长"和"质的飞跃",起到了极其特殊的作用。可以预见,随着化学技术作用的充分涌流,非传统化学道德增强技术的系统性实现,化学对人类道德增强作用的确定性与不确定性将与日俱增。     

True to oneself? Broad and narrow ideas on authenticity in the enhancement debate

Our knowledge of the human brain and the influence of pharmacological substances on human mental functioning is expanding. This creates new possibilities to enhance personality and character traits. Psychopharmacological enhancers, as well as other enhancement technologies, raise moral questions concerning the boundary between clinical therapy and enhancement, risks and safety, coercion and justice. Other moral questions include the meaning and value of identity and authenticity, the role of happiness for a good life, or the perceived threats to humanity. Identity and authenticity are central in the debate on psychopharmacological enhancers. In this paper, I first describe the concerns at issue here as extensively propounded by Carl Elliott. Next, I address David DeGrazia’s theory, which holds that there are no fundamental identity-related and authenticity-related arguments against enhancement technologies. I argue, however, that DeGrazia’s line of reasoning does not succeed in settling these concerns. His conception of identity does not seem able to account for the importance we attach to personal identity in␣cases where personal identity is changed through enhancement technology. Moreover, his conception of authenticity does not explain the reason why we find inauthentic values objectionable. A broader approach to authenticity can make sense of concerns about changes in personal identity by means of enhancement technologies.     

Who they are and what de se: Burge on quasi-memory

Tyler Burge has recently argued that quasi-memory-based psychological reductionist accounts of diachronic personal identity are deeply problematic. According to Burge, these accounts either fail to include appropriately de se elements or presuppose facts about diachronic personal identity—facts of the very kind that the accounts are supposed to explain. Neither of these objections is compelling. The first is based in confusion about the version of reductionism to which it putatively applies. The second loses its force when we recognize that reductionism is a metaphysical thesis, not an epistemological one.

I Think,Therefore I Persist

Suppose that you're lying in bed. You just woke up. But you're alert. Your mind is clear and you have no distractions. As you lie there, you think to yourself, ‘2?+?2 = 4.’ The thought just pops into your head. But, wanting to be sure of your mathematical insight, you once again think ‘2?+?2 = 4’, this time really meditating on your thought. Now suppose that you're sitting in an empty movie theatre. The lighting is normal and the screen in front of you is blank. Then at some point an image of a peach is flashed on the screen. The image isn't up there for long. In fact, it's only on the screen for what seems like an instant—just long enough for you to see it. These two scenarios are a bit mundane. But, as I will show, reflection on them can yield significant results concerning the nature of persons and their persistence through time. First I will show that thought and perception have temporal constraints whereby your thinking or perceiving in the above scenarios implies that you exist through a temporally extended interval. Then I will argue that this allows us to rule out several prominent theories of personal identity.     

始成年期自我同一性发展特点及影响因素

Erikson将自我同一性看作是终生发展的过程并把18~25岁作为发展的关键时期, Arnett根据后现代社会的现实环境将这一阶段命名为“始成年期”。始成年期自我同一性对情感、工作、世界观等自我同一性发展领域的关注度相对青少年期更广泛与深入, 发展任务的繁杂使始成年期自我同一性的发展更具波动性, 并随着个体逐渐成熟而更多处于同一性的高级状态。后现代社会属性是始成年期自我同一性问题的根本, 原生家庭持续影响始成年期自我同一性的发展, 同时学校与工作单位这样的社会机构构成近端环境直接作用于始成年期自我同一性, 自主性在始成年期个体与其家庭及所处社会机构的交互作用中对自我同一性起到关键性调节作用。     

药物认知增强剂使用的伦理思辨

为提升专注力、记忆力等认知能力,健康人群以“超说明书用药”方式摄入延缓衰老或修复脑损伤造成的认知能力衰退的药品。该种认知增强技术的应用需要通过“伦理之前”的技术可行性审核和“技术之后”的生命伦理辨析才能初步确认其道德容许性。目前针对药物认知增强剂使用的担忧主要来自新药的疗效与风险尚不明确、市场主导下的药物获取渠道难以管控,以及亟待完善的社会规范。因此,当下药物认知增强技术的合理应用需强化政府对个体和商业力量的监管,重视经验数据的获取,以及科研机构对用药风险性的进一步研究与科学指导。     

Reply to Catriona Mackenzie

In her excellent critique of my book Self to Self (2006), Catriona Mackenzie highlights three gaps in my view of the self. First, my effort to distinguish among different applications of the concept ‘self’ is not matched by any attempt to explain the interactions among the selves so distinguished. Second, in analyzing practical reasoning as aimed at self-understanding, I speak sometimes of causal-psychological understanding (e.g. in the paper titled ‘The Centered Self’) and sometimes of narrative self-understanding (e.g. in ‘The Self as Narrator’), but I never explain how these two modes of self-understanding are related. Third, I never explain how my account of autonomous agency can be reconciled with my interpretation of Kant's (e.g., in ‘A Brief Introduction to Kantian Ethics’). In this reply to Mackenzie, I agree with her about all three of these gaps, and I offer some (admittedly incomplete) ideas about how they might be filled.