数字治疗在精神疾病治疗中的应用及伦理问题

作为一种新的治疗模式,数字治疗可以破解传统医疗面临的诸多困境,如医疗资源的供需矛盾,治疗时间与空间的无限延展、医患之间的信任关系的建立等,这些优点在数字治疗技术应用于精神疾病的治疗中得以充分展现。同时,不可否认的是数字治疗技术也可能引发新的伦理困境,如隐私问题、数字技术的可靠性问题,以及伦理约束问题。因此,提出数字治疗中的分布式伦理架构是很有必要的,将具体责任与各类主体直接挂钩,从数字技术的生产者、运营商、监管者、医生、消费者到公众都分摊一部分责任,力求实现对数字治疗技术的全方位、全链条的监管与伦理规训。这些有益的尝试能够为我国数字治疗技术的发展提供借鉴,其最终目标是使数字治疗技术能够最大限度上造福人类。     

数字疗法研究现状及伦理问题分析

随着大数据体系、智慧医疗和云建设等方面快速发展,数字疗法为人类健康管理带来了全新解决方案,发展前景广阔,同时也面临不小的伦理挑战和问题。如果开发和使用不当,这些产品可能会给患者带来风险。通过梳理数字疗法在疾病管理和治疗方面的研究现状,显示其在糖尿病、高血压、神经康复等领域均有应用。在此背景下,数字疗法的健康发展尤为重要,应用过程中将面临隐私保护、公平公正、产品安全等伦理问题,进一步将可能出现的伦理问题进行分析并提出相应策略。确保数字疗法充分发挥其作用潜力,获得持续性发展,能够更好、更安全地造福广大患者。

     

生物样本库研究结果反馈的伦理问题及应对策略

生物样本库研究的特殊性和复杂性使得结果反馈问题充满了伦理争论和现实挑战, 知情同意的道德有限性、隐私悖论及道德标准缺乏是其伦理困境的根源。有效解决生物样本 库研究的结果反馈问题需要在研究参与者的价值需求、科学的风险—收益评估、合理的临床 效用和可行性之间做出综合的权衡。在充分思考多方利益的基础之上,可以构建以科学标准 、有限的自主、伦理审查和遗传咨询为核心的四维伦理框架,而如何发展有效的“善”的概 念仍需进一步论证。     

放射影像检查中的医学伦理困境及对策分析

分析放射影像检查中面临的医学伦理困境及产生原因,包括医疗市场化、公立医院背离公益性、相关卫生法律法规不足、部分医务人员缺乏医学伦理学意识和知识、医务人员业务水平参差不齐等,并提出了相应的改进对策：强化公立医院公益性,坚持以患者为中心,合理、有序、有效地选用各种成像技术和检查方法,优化影像检查程序,避免过度检查和重复检查,加强法制与政策监管,充分保护患者的生命健康权、知情同意权、隐私权,提高医务人员医学伦理意识和业务水平,真正体现对患者的人文关怀。

     

大数据时代信息价值开发的伦理问题

大数据已成为21世纪的新石油,各国政府相继提出发展大数据战略。借助大数据收集、存储和挖掘等技术,大数据信息所蕴含的潜在价值不断得到开发,推动经济社会的发展。然而,在大数据信息价值开发的同时,也引发了一些迫切需要关注和解决的伦理问题,如隐私权问题、知识产权问题和信息安全问题。     

消费者隐私问题的当代镜像及其伦理检视

与传统社会相比较,在信息技术尤其是网络技术飞速发展和普及的当代社会中,保护消费者隐私这一问题显得更为复杂、更为严峻。互联网时代电子商务中消费者的隐私风险对于二级交换的公平性、供应商与消费者的信任关系及消费者的自治水平造成了明显的负面影响。要解决电子商务中的消费者隐私问题,当务之急是要设定制约商家收集、存储、整理和利用消费者信息之行为的道德原则。     

现代针灸学研究迫切需要解决的两大问题

现代针灸学研究迫切需要解决的两大问题一穴位作用规律、穴位组方规律,直接关系到针灸临床选穴处方的科学性、规范性问题,直接关系到针灸临床疗效的可靠性、稳定性问题.这是针灸医师在临床上每天都要面对的两个问题,但也是至今没有进行系统研究的两个问题.     

大数据时代信息安全的伦理考量

信息安全逻辑上包括隐私保护,因为当代隐私保护主要是指对个人信息的保护。如果 将信息安全置于道德评价的视野,其也会展现出伦理价值的一面,且信息安全之伦理价值不 是纯粹主观的,而是在信息安全之客观属性与人们的道德需要之间的关系中产生的。信息安 全的伦理考量包括对信息安全之技术保障、法律保障的伦理辩护,而论证信息安全的伦理价 值,即是对信息安全之技术保障、法律保障的一种正当性辩护,因为至少要具备一定的伦理 价值,才可能给出技术保障、法律保障的正当性理由。但对于信息安全的伦理考量不限于对 技术保障、法律保障的正当性论证,还应当阐明信息安全的伦理保障,以作为技术保障、法 律保障的重要补充,行使技术保障、法律保障所鞭长莫及的独特功能。     

基因治疗的伦理问题及对策探讨

基因治疗在给患者带来生命希望的同时,也带来了诸如潜在的风险、技术的滥用、责任的漠视、公平的忽略、生命的亵渎等前所未有的伦理问题.有必要从构建基因治疗的伦理原则、健全基因治疗的法律规范、建立基因干预的准入与审批机制、提高从业人员的道德意识等方面对基因治疗进行规范,使基因治疗这一新兴技术向着为人类造福的方向持续健康发展.     

浅析大医院无限扩张带来的问题及解决对策

以大医院无限扩张作为研究"看病难、看病贵"问题的切入点,通过分析大医院无限扩张带来的问题,提出改革大医院一级格局的医疗服务模式,在大医院内部建立起小的"正三角形"医疗服务模式,进而将多个小的"正三角形"组建成本地区大的"正三角形"医疗卫生体系的理想模式,促进"看病难、看病贵"问题的真正解决。     

Ethical Problems Inherent in Psychological Research based on Internet Communication as Stored Information

This paper deals with certain ethical problems inherent in psychological research based on internet communication as stored information. Section 1 contains an analysis of research on Internet debates. In particular, it takes into account a famous example of deception for psychology research purposes. In section 2, the focus is on research on personal data in texts published on the Internet. Section 3 includes an attempt to formulate some ethical principles and guidelines, which should be regarded as fundamental in research on stored information.     

The Entangling of Problems,Solutions and Markets: On Building a Market for Privacy

An increasing number of public problems have been subject to market-based interventions as solutions. However, the relationship between problems and solutions in market-based interventions is complex. On occasions solutions are reformulated as understanding of the nature of the problem are advanced. Alternatively, problems are reconfigured to fit a standard solution. Or solutions are said to generate numerous new problems. The complex entangling of problems, solutions and markets can be explored by focusing on the field of online privacy. The complexities of this field can be analysed through three science and technology studies (STS) treatments of problems and solutions. First, issue-problematisation can be used to understand the ways in which a problem is assembled and comes to form the focus for discussion as an issue. Second, a paradigm-exemplar approach can assess the extent to which a particular coupling of problem and solution becomes an exemplar for others to draw on. Third, ontological constitution provides a focal point for analysing the ways in which the very nature of entities involved in problems, solutions and markets can be considered. There is analytic utility in each of these approaches in engaging with online privacy regulation and the emerging role of start-ups in introducing new privacy products to an emerging market place. However, these STS approaches leave us with questions regarding the relationship between market solutions and publics, the co-ordination of entities in market solutions and the normative questions that arise from entangling markets, problems and solutions.     

Persons with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Information Technologies. Some Ethical Observations—A Comment on Chalgoumi et al.

This comment on Chalgoumi et al.’s article “Information Privacy for Technology Users with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Why Does It Matter?” focuses on the concept of autonomy in order to expand the scope of the ethical discussion. First we explore the conceptual and practical relations between privacy and autonomy. Following this, we address the issue of underfunding of information technology for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities in terms of distributive justice and provide some potential policy solutions.     

The Ethical Challenges of the Digital Age

This article examines the ethical challenges of digital transformation in three steps. First, it offers a survey of the various dimensions of digital transformation and the ethical challenges that are associated with them: the exposure of private life through access to data; the change of communication culture through algorithms; the concentration of corporate power; changes in the world of work; the military use of digital technology; and the fusion of the human being and the machine. Second, it reflects upon various fundamental anthropological dimensions of the biblical tradition, which does not define humankind through itself but first and foremost in relation to, and being different from, God. Third, it draws conclusions about how to deal with digital transformation: through rescuing public discourse, making digital transformation socially accountable, and offering a perspective of theological anthropology that takes account of both the vulnerability and the deep freedom of our humanity.     

Attributions in the Evaluation of Alternative Solutions to Social Problems

Abstract

The influence of causal attributions in decision making was studied in two samples (one of grade- and high-school teachers and one of first-year university students in Santiago, Chile) who answered a two-part questionnaire about the relative importance of eight different causes of alcohol problems and the potential value of eight possible solutions to the problem. The evaluation of the probable effectiveness of each solution was used as the criterion variable in a multiple regression analysis that included, as regressors, the evaluation of the importance of the different causes and sex of the respondent. Results showed that the importance attributed to the cause it eliminated was always the best predictor of the value given to any solution in the student sample and most frequently among the members of the teacher sample, although the importance of other causes and sex of respondent also influenced it in most cases.     

随机临床试验中伦理问题的探讨

随着我国的药物临床试验过程逐渐完善,药物临床试验水平不断提高,但伦理学方面并不十分完善.临床研究者和受试者应该明确自己的权益和义务,并在药物随机临床试验中,使受试者的权益得到更好的保护.本文论述并总结了药物临床试验中出现的问题,并提出了改进措施.     

Information Privacy for Technology Users With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Why Does It Matter?

This article aims to explore the attitudes and behaviors of persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) related to their information privacy when using information technology (IT). Six persons with IDD were recruited to participate to a series of 3 semistructured focus groups. Data were analyzed following a hybrid thematic analysis approach. Only 2 participants reported using IT every day. However, they all perceived IT use benefits, such as an increased autonomy. Participants demonstrated awareness of privacy concerns, but not in situations involving the use of technology; their awareness is not transferred to the abstract context of IT use. Privacy breaches were revealed to be a major risk for persons with IDD, who did not seem to understand how their personal information was used. Most protection mechanisms and tools reported were those suggested and implemented by caregivers and close relatives who had a great influence on the participants’ attitudes and behaviors toward IT and privacy. Our findings suggest that when using IT, persons with IDD often experience the consequences of a trade-off between autonomy and privacy. Further research and action is needed to support persons with IDD to understand and balance the benefits of IT use and the inherent threats to information privacy.     

The Ethics of Smart Pills and Self-Acting Devices: Autonomy,Truth-Telling,and Trust at the Dawn of Digital Medicine

Digital medicine is a medical treatment that combines technology with drug delivery. The promises of this combination are continuous and remote monitoring, better disease management, self-tracking, self-management of diseases, and improved treatment adherence. These devices pose ethical challenges for patients, providers, and the social practice of medicine. For patients, having both informed consent and a user agreement raises questions of understanding for autonomy and informed consent, therapeutic misconception, external influences on decision making, confidentiality and privacy, and device dependability. For providers, digital medicine changes the relationship where trust can be verified, clinicians can be monitored, expectations must be managed, and new liability risks may be assumed. Other ethical questions include direct third-party monitoring of health treatment, affordability, and planning for adverse events in the case of device malfunction. This article seeks to lay out the ethical landscape for the implementation of such devices in patient care.     

技术哲学的两种经验转向及其问题

当代技术哲学的一个重要发展趋势是在经验转向(empirical turn)和伦理转向(ethical turn)的基础上实现技术哲学的"第三次转向",以便整合前两次转向的优势。(Verbeek,p.51)事实上,经