政治忠诚的话语建构

政治秩序与政治忠诚关系密切。构建良好的政治秩序,需要以构建一套科学完整的政治忠诚话语体系为前提。政治忠诚话语分为“抽象”与“具体”两种类型。首先,政治忠诚话语中“抽象”与“具体”两种类型的忠诚对象应该具备充分的有效性。其次,它们能够得到相对均衡地发展,并在两者之间形成有效的内在联系与支持关系。其中,抽象层面的政治忠诚话语,需要有足够的超越性与先进性,并且能够对现实力量产生有效的制约;而具体层面的政治忠诚话语,在服从抽象政治忠诚话语的前提下,发挥对具体个人或组织的指挥、协调和控制能力。政治忠诚话语体系的科学建构也是推进国家治理现代化的一项重要任务。     

西方政治话语构建中的“他异性”策略——以公民话语作为分析进路

西方不仅是一个地域概念,更构建了一套表征自由、平等、正义的政治话语体系。在反思东方主义的基础上,以公民话语作为抓手,艾辛提出了西方政治话语构建的“他异性”范式。它表明,西方政治话语构建以群体区隔作为基础,通过团结、竞争和疏离策略而建立起有关自身统治的话语。“他异性”范式尽管把西方政治话语研究推进到一个新的阶段,但与东方主义一样,它忽略了欧洲近代早期的“正面他异性”策略。这种策略体现在对东方的理想化上,伏尔泰的《中国孤儿》表现得较为典型,它为欧洲现代话语建构提供了参照标准。内部“他异性”策略与正反两种外部“他异性”策略结合在一起,构成西方政治话语建构的三种策略。它们表明,以自由、平等、正义自居的西方政治建立在群体区隔和不平等的基础上。     

医学伦理学的使命探析：结合生命政治的理论视角

借助“生命政治”学说的视角,可以发现医学伦理学涉及的规范性不仅仅来自伦理上的“善”,很大程度上也广泛地与社会规范和社会治理紧密相关;不仅需要限制和规范医学研究的范围及使用的技术手段,更面临着如何在社会生活中将医学知识和医学技术内在化、主体化的问题。通过分别探讨“医疗活动”和“医学研究”两种实践活动的规范性来源,能够揭示医学伦理学更加广泛的问题域,有助于在学理上阐明其作为一门独立学科的未来,在实践范围上超越单纯的医学活动。     

从医学话语看乙肝病毒携带者的污名

我国存在西医和中医两种知识话语体系,西医占据主导地位是乙肝病毒携带者污名形成的前提条件,民众持有的"乙肝病毒传播方式"的错误知识是污名建构形成的主要原因,传播正确的医学知识去掉萦绕在携带者身上的污名是根除乙肝病毒携带者遭受歧视的关键.     

福柯的生命政治

福柯的生命政治是其后期哲学思想的一个重要主题.在生命政治视野下,个人—生命与人口—生命成为政治管理的对象,人口问题在18世纪日显突出,事关健康、卫生、出生率、寿命、种族等,因而,君主之眼,即治理者的目光必然聚焦于此.生命政治意味着生命进入历史、政治和政治技术领域,生命获得政治性,而政治也富有生命特色.福柯站在历史本体论...     

现代主体与儒学话语——兼与福柯话语理论对勘

当今建构中国哲学话语的一个重要根由是为了摆脱近百年来西方话语对于中国哲学主体性的宰制,而福柯的“话语理论”就对话语宰制主体的问题做了理论上的揭示与批判。不过,与福柯批判现代性的后现代立场不同,中国学界大多基于中西对峙的民族立场而批判现代西方话语的西方性,这也成为近现代儒学话语建构的底色。然而,包括儒学话语在内的任何主体话语都不具有自明性,而是有着前主体的共同本源,即前主体性言说,其本源地生发着主体话语的实质内容,同时也引导着主体话语的时代更迭。因此不论中西,都需要以当下的现代性生活本身为共同渊源,建构与之相宜的主体话语。据此而言,传统儒学话语并不是落后于西方,而是落后于时代,故当今建构儒学话语的根本在于实现传统儒学的现代转化,即以儒家的思维方式言说现代主体价值。唯其如此,我们才能在顺应时代的积极意义上持守儒学话语的独特性,才能在发展现代主体价值的普遍意义上有效地批判现代西方话语。     

作为话语事件的真理标准问题讨论

在1984年《光明日报》社举办的优秀理论文章评选中,《实践是检验真理的唯一标准》一文荣膺特别奖,但获奖名单的公布及奖金的颁发与分发,引来了一场多年未见平息的著作权之争。按照政治系统分析理论,可以把撰写《实》文原稿的胡福明看作民间社会"学术话语"的供给者,而把参与修改《实》文的吴江、孙长江等人看作位居权力系统边缘,并促使"学术话语"转换为"政治修辞"的观念把关性质的"守门者"。两类角色都有其理论贡献,但他们各自的角色认知却发生了某种错位。值得庆幸的是,他们不无论战色彩的回忆文章合在一起,恰好还原了《实》文撰写、修改及发表的历史实况。据此,不仅可以对当代中国知识分子的政治贡献度及贡献方式给出典型性的个案评估,还可以在政治过程的意义上对当代中国的权力系统运作机制作微观的剖析和解释。     

生育性别选择的性别伦理分析

本文从解析生育性别选择的概念出发全面揭示了生育性别选择中的性别伦理问题,从性别伦理的独特视角对其作出详细分析,进而提出了规制生育性别选择,消除性别歧视,构建合理生育伦理秩序的性别伦理策略.     

摩洛哥的多元文化、社会性别和政治参与

引言本文旨在讨论摩洛哥多元文化的活力、社会性别及妇女的政治参与问题。摩洛哥的社会语言环境具有多种语言并存和文化多样的特点。在这里,阿拉伯、柏柏尔和伊斯兰的传统与民主、自由、社会公正和人权等现代普世价值的相互交融形成了多元文化的特征。     

大学生的职业自我概念清晰度与抑郁的关系:性别与性别平等观的调节作用

尽管抑郁的影响因素得到了比较多的探讨,但是鲜有研究探讨职业自我概念清晰度与抑郁的关系以及性别和性别平等观在其中的作用。根据生涯发展理论和自我差异理论,本研究探讨了大学生职业自我概念清晰度与大学生抑郁的关系,并考察了性别和性别平等观在二者关系之间的调节作用。通过对463份大学生的数据进行实证分析发现：（1）职业自我概念清晰度与大学生抑郁负相关;（2）职业自我概念清晰度与抑郁的关系存在显著的性别差异;（3）职业自我概念清晰度、性别和性别平等观对大学生抑郁存在三重交互作用。当个体持有高性别平等观时,男性和女性的职业自我概念清晰度都与抑郁负相关。当个体的性别平等观较低时,女性的职业自我概念清晰度与抑郁正相关。研究结果对于大学生的职业发展和心理健康教育具有重要实践意义。     

常识性知识和语篇语境对代词指认的影响

本研究围绕中文代词理解中, 读者的常识性知识和语篇语境的作用以及作用时程这一问题展开。实验1首先探讨在中文阅读理解中, 职业性别倾向这种常识性信息是否能对代词的指认产生早期影响。存在一致和冲突(如警卫-他; 警卫-她)两个实验条件, 结果在凝视时间、重读时间和总阅读时间上都发现了职业性别倾向所引发的性别冲突效应。实验2在实验1基础上增加一个代词(如：警卫-他-他; 警卫-她-她), 考察更正后的信息, 即文本语境内容是否可以覆盖常识的作用对代词加工产生影响。结果发现语篇语境确实可以覆盖常识性信息的作用, 对代词加工产生早期影响。但是, 职业性别倾向这种常识性知识仍然在代词加工的后期阶段发挥作用。考虑到代词所形成的语境较为含蓄, 实验3中采用更明确的方式来界定职业名称的性别, 例如男艺人、爸爸等, 然后再出现一个代词, 代词的性别始终和先前的性别描述一致, 而与职业性别倾向冲突, 这样也存在一致和冲突两个条件(例如：保姆-妻子-她, 警卫-妻子-她), 结果发现只有更正后的语境信息对代词加工产生影响, 职业性别倾向不再发挥作用。说明在中文这种高语境依赖性的语言文字中, 语境可以覆盖常识性知识对代词加工产生早期作用。但是, 语境作用的持续性问题会受到语篇语境中性别信息明确程度的影响。     

Body Poly-texts: Discourses of the Anorexic Body

It is now increasingly acknowledged that anorexia nervosa is a ‘culture-bound syndrome’ which must be understood within the context of an increasing idealization of female thinness and a high prevalence of dieting and body dissatisfaction, particularly amongst women and girls. Whilst this socioculturally-oriented perspective is important, it is also simplistic to conceptualize anorexia simply as a ‘slimmer's disease’. The ways in which contemporary Western culture is imbricated in anorexia are both complex and multiple. This paper uses a discourse-analytic approach, informed by feminist Foucauldian theory, to examine some of the multiple and often conflicting meanings and discursive constructions of the (female) anorexic body. The paper is based on a series of interviews conducted with 23 women (21 diagnosed as anorexic and 2 self-diagnosed). The analysis focuses on the explication of two discourses: a romantic discourse and a discourse of Cartesian dualism evidenced in the interviews. By contrasting the very different ways in which these two discourses constitute the anorexic body, this paper aims to provide thereby a socioculturally contextualized and gender-oriented account of the multiple discursive constructions of ‘anorexia nervosa’ and ‘anorexic’ bodies. Implications for psychotherapeutic interventions are discussed.     

Doubly Bound: The Impact of Gender and Race on the Politics of Black Women

Gender has been thought to be less salient than race among black women. Data from two national surveys of black Americans, conducted in 1984 and 1996, show that black women identify as strongly on the basis of their gender as their race, and that these gender and racial identities are mutually reinforcing. Nevertheless, among black women, their identification with their race more powerfully affected their political attitudes than did their identification on the basis of gender, except in instances where the interests of blacks directly conflict with the interests of women. These empirically based findings speak to the issue of why the attitudes of black women toward contemporary gender issues can sharply diverge from those of white women.     

On the Gendered Nature of Mobile Phone Culture in Israel

Data from surveys and personal interviews were used to analyze gendered patterns and contexts of the mobile phone use of Israelis. The findings suggest that the mobile phone has become an everyday, highly regarded, multipurpose interpersonal communication device rather than a working tool. Both men and women discussed their perceptions of the role of the mobile phone in their lives in quite a traditional gendered manner—activity and technological appropriation for men and dependency and domesticity for women. At the same time, the actual phoning habits and attitudes of users point to a pattern of domestication of the mobile phone and even feminization of its consumption.     

Intersecting Identities as a Source of Religious Incongruence

Chaves (2010) argues that much of the work in the sociology of religion is susceptible to the religious congruence fallacy—the tendency to assume consistency between religious beliefs and one's attitudes and behaviors across situations when they are in fact highly variable. We build on and extend this argument by focusing on intersecting group identities as a mechanism for identifying such incongruence, not only within religious contexts, but also at the intersection of categories such as gender and race. To illustrate this argument, the analysis draws on data from the 2006 Panel Study of American Religion and Ethnicity (PS‐ARE) to assess how race, gender, and religion interact to produce different levels of attitude and behavior incongruencies on key issues of the day, specifically conservative social values and voting behaviors. The results find marked differences and inconsistent relationships between attitudes and behaviors across racial‐gender groups. We use the analysis to highlight the conditions that result in incongruence at the intersections of identity categories and pinpoint where social scientists are most vulnerable to committing the congruence fallacy.     

New Roles for Rhetoric: From Academic Critique to Civic Affirmation

The classical conception of rhetoric as the method of reasoned political judgment survived into the Renaissance but was reduced to academic critiques of style and "empty" public rhetoric with the rise of modern science and its representationalist theories of language. Recently, however, rhetoric, textuality, and the "linguistic turn" generally, have become central metaphors in the human sciences. This renewed rhetorical perspective not only fosters a critique of positive philosophy and of scientism in public discourse, it also offers affirmative methods by which persons can construct their civic lives.