The concept of personality in 19th-century French and 20th-century American psychology

Since the 1920s, the road to the acknowledgement of personality psychology as a field of scientific psychology that has individuality as its object began with the founding of the discipline by Gordon W. Allport. Historians of psychology have made serious attempts to reconstruct the cultural, political, institutional, and chronological beginnings of this field in America in the 20th century. In this literature, however, an important European tradition of psychological studies of personality that developed in France in the 2nd half of the 19th century has been overlooked. The aim of this article is to cast some light on this unexplored tradition of psychological personality studies and to discuss its influence on the development of the scientific study of personality in the United States.     

Coming of age on the city streets in 19th-century America

Broken free of any semblance of family control or community restraints, thousands of American youth roamed entirely at will throughout the cities of 19th-century America and supported themselves alternately from the legitimate street trades and from outright thievery. The invention of modern adolescence was partially a response to this neglected condition of urban youth.     

Flechsig and Freud: late 19th-century neurology and the emergence of psychoanalysis

The author analyzes the potential influences of Paul Flechsig's work on early Freudian theory, particularly on Sigmund Freud's 1966b/1895 Project for a Scientific Psychology. Gehirn und Seele, a discourse authored by Flechsig in 1894, is the focus of this analysis. The author believes that the links between the intellectual production of both German-speaking neurologists have been underrated to this day and attempts to establish that the early Freudian approach to many key issues in the history of psychoanalysis--dreams, unconscious processing, and drives, to name a few--was not unique but shared with some distinguished colleagues in neuropathology and psychiatry. Thus, he attempts to shed additional light on the transition from state-of-art neurology in the last decade of the 19th century to the creation of psychoanalysis as a discipline on its own.     

Moral treatment in asylums and general hospitals in 19th-century America

Moral treatment, a therapeutic approach that emphasized character and spiritual development, and called for kindness on the part of all who came in contact with the patient, flourished in American mental hospitals during the first half of the 19th century. Many of its essential features also existed then in the treatment of physical illness in American general hospitals. Changing social and welfare services and advances in scientific medicine contributed to a subsequent decline in moral treatment and to a divergence between the therapeutic approaches of the two kinds of hospitals. In recent years, there has been a gradual convergence in their treatment modes. Contemporary social and welfare services are contrasted with traditional moral treatment.     

The travails of 19th-century urban youth as a precondition to the invention of modern adolescence

One of the factors leading up to the "invention" of modern adolescence was what reformers saw as the corruption of youth by the city. It was the plight of these youth--all too visible to reformers, intellectuals, opinion makers, and trend setters--which set the stage for a child-saving movement during the last century aimed at taking youth off the streets, putting them in schools, stretching out the home-leaving age from 14 to 18, and in general, prolonging a developmental period.     

The (sexual) politics of evolution: popular controversy in the late 20th-century United Kingdom

This article outlines the major threads of controversy around the emerging subject of evolutionary psychology in the U.K. mass media during the 1990s. Much of this controversy centered on the role of evolution in shaping human gender roles and sexualities, contributing to the subject's mass appeal. This case is used to illustrate the argument that in theorizing about evolution and humans, "human nature" and "human origins" both provide a flexible resource for making arguments about how people do and should relate to one another and that such theorizing is therefore reflective of how power is held (and contested) in society. In the case of popular evolutionary psychology, shifts in the U.K. political landscape during the 1990s combined with changes in gender and sexual politics to create a situation where evolutionary theorizing about humans became more acceptable than it had been in the past. This was particularly true in left-liberal media, where a newfound compatibility between certain aspects of Darwinism and feminism created a very different space for debating gender, sexuality, and the role of human nature in today's society.     

吕尚——西周王朝的缔造者

受传统主流政治文化儒家学说与近代疑古思潮的影响,史学界有尊周（公）抑吕（尚）的倾向。本文依据古代文献,对吕尚入周的因由时机及其“为文武师”的史迹作了较为详尽的梳理与辨析,论证了吕尚不仅是西周的首席谋主、最高军事统帅、开国元勋及缔造者,亦是中国古代的一位杰出的谋略家、军事家、政治家与理财家。     

Between east and west: Russian renewal and the future

Two philosophers and prominent public figures explore the spiritual and cultural framework within which Russia's crisis and prospects for social renewal must be understood. Their discussion ranges over several main areas of concern in Russia today: the nature of the person and her capacities as social actor, the forms of sociality Russia has known as seen against the background of Orthodoxy and Communism, and Russia's tragedy during the seventy-five years of Communism. A ‘third path’ is envisaged for Russian renewal based on geopolitical, cultural, and spiritual constants in the history of the nation.     

《圣经》对西方女性观的影响

<圣经>是基督教的主要经典,也是西方文化的主要思想基础.它对于基督教文化的西方国家来说,是传统文化的重要组成部分,对人们思想观念的影响是根深蒂固的.本文主要探讨<圣经>思想对西方妇女观的影响.文章认为,<圣经>对于西方女性观的形成起了决定性的作用.西方妇女的解放应首先破除<圣经>思想的束缚.     

Breaking the rules in perceptual information integration

We develop a broad theoretical framework for modelling difficult perceptual information integration tasks under different decision rules. The framework allows us to compare coactive architectures, which combine information before it enters the decision process, with parallel architectures, where logical rules combine independent decisions made about each perceptual source. For both architectures we test the novel hypothesis that participants break the decision rules on some trials, making a response based on only one stimulus even though task instructions require them to consider both. Our models take account of not only the decisions made but also the distribution of the time that it takes to make them, providing an account of speed-accuracy tradeoffs and response biases occurring when one response is required more often than another. We also test a second novel hypothesis, that the nature of the decision rule changes the evidence on which choices are based. We apply the models to data from a perceptual integration task with near threshold stimuli under two different decision rules. The coactive architecture was clearly rejected in favor of logical-rules. The logical-rule models were shown to provide an accurate account of all aspects of the data, but only when they allow for response bias and the possibility for subjects to break those rules. We discuss how our framework can be applied more broadly, and its relationship to Townsend and Nozawa’s (1995) Systems-Factorial Technology.     

京西桃源观参访记

刚来北京学习时,就听道友谈到凤凰岭桃源观。奇峰怪石、林海神泉为其奇妙的天然景观,为修身养性的佳境,很想去。国庆节前夕,我们一行8人驱车前往凤凰岭桃源观参访。桃源观在北京海淀区西北部苏家坨镇境内凤凰岭自然风景公园,原名妙峰庵,始建于明嘉靖年间(1522-1567年),因地处偏僻,俗称“旮旯庵”。清光绪年间     

Reflecting rules: A note on generalizing the deduction theorem

The purpose of this brief note is to prove a limitative theorem for a generalization of the deduction theorem. I discuss the relationship between the deduction theorem and rules of inference. Often when the deduction theorem is claimed to fail, particularly in the case of normal modal logics, it is the result of a confusion over what the deduction theorem is trying to show. The classic deduction theorem is trying to show that all so-called ‘derivable rules’ can be encoded into the object language using the material conditional. The deduction theorem can be generalized in the sense that one can attempt to encode all types of rules into the object language. When a rule is encoded in this way I say that it is reflected in the object language. What I show, however, is that certain logics which reflect a certain kind of rule must be trivial. Therefore, my generalization of the deduction theorem does fail where the classic deduction theorem didn't.     

Fighting by the rules: Women street-fighting in Chihuahua,Chihuahua, Mexico

Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico cholo society's rules for the participation of males and females in street-fighting are examined as reported in interview contexts with youth of both sexes. Interview accounts are then compared to an observed instance of use of physical force by females against males in that city. Barrio peer group dynamics are explored and contrasted with the dynamics of similar groups in the northern Mexican cities of Nogales, Sonora, and Tijuana, Baja California, that do not share Chihuahua's unique characteristics.     

Zen and psychotherapy: East meets west on the road to enlightenment

Major psychoanalytic theorists have seen transcendental states as regressive and/ or unconscious, overlooking the similarities of purpose and process between psychoanalytic psychotherapies and contemplative religions. This article examines the similarities and differences between psychoanalytic psychotherapy and Zen and proposes that on the whole the similarities outweigh the differences and that some of the presumed differences have been based upon semantic misunderstanding.     

Lost and Found: Reinvention of the Self Following Migration

Migration can impact on a person's identity and this assault can require reworking or establishing aspects of the self. The study involved a cross sectional design, using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to establish the impact of migration on women from the United Kingdom (UK) and Eire (N = 154) now living in Australia. A major aim was to determine whether the impact of multiple loss (loss of home, major attachment figure, family, community, culture, and social networks) can cause a grief reaction and threatened a person's identity, and, if so, what strategies might be used to buffer this impact and assist reinvention of the self. Bowlby's grieving process was used as a theoretical framework. Women who successfully reached the final stage were able to reinvent themselves using social strategies, whereas those less able used solitary strategies. Women, unable to reach the final stage of grieving, suffered psychological distress. The study has implications for future migrants. Migrants who use appropriate strategies to enable settlement and reinvention are also likely to achieve a sense of belonging to the new place.