Factors Influencing the Inflation of Task Performance Ratings for Workers With Disabilities and Contextual Performance Ratings for Their Coworkers

Contrary to many myths regarding their potential performance, workers with disabilities generally receive performance ratings similar to their nondisabled coworkers. However, their ratings possibly may be inflated above their actual performance levels. In a laboratory experiment, we constrained the performance of a worker with a disability to an extremely low level and assessed the effects of helping behavior, presence and type of disability in the worker, and the perceived attributions of controllability of the disability on task performance ratings for the workers with disabilities and on contextual performance ratings for their coworkers. We found that the perception that a worker is not responsible for the onset of a disability and that having any disability, regardless of type, artificially inflates task performance ratings. We also found inflated contextual performance ratings for coworkers who work with persons who are perceived as being responsible for the onset of their own disability.     

Organizational Coverups: Factors Influencing the Discipline of Information Gatekeepers1

This study examines factors that influence the severity of discipline administered to a subordinate information gatekeeper who is guilty of covering up an event and concealing and distorting information. Undergraduate business students read one of eight versions of a case depicting faulty upward communication, in which three variables-the superior-subordinate dependency relationship, the subordinate's motivation, and the subordinate's remorse-were manipulated. Unethicality of the offense was evaluated to be quite high across all experimental conditions, yet mild discipline was recommended when the superior was highly dependent on his subordinate and when the subordinate acted out of altruism for his superior. Probability of reoccurrence of the infraction was judged lowest when the offending subordinate displayed remorse. These findings are interpreted as representing a pragmatic orientation toward discipline based on perceived costs or benefits to the administrator. Conditions that increase the vulnerability of decision-makers to faulty upward communication are discussed.     

影响阅读困难儿童信息加工过程的因素

文章探讨了学习不良儿童中阅读困难者信息加工过程的特点,重点介绍了阅读困难儿童在语音、命名-速度上存在的缺陷及据此提出的不同假设,并分析了相互补偿模型及其在阅读困难儿童阅读过程中的作用,最后介绍了对阅读困难儿童信息加工特点研究的展望及其实践意义。     

中国心理健康服务从业者的职业压力现状及影响因素

本研究目的是考察心理健康从业者的压力现状及其影响因素。769名来自全国20个省份的心理健康从业者填写了研究者自编的有93个多项选择题和填空题的问卷,其中2个从本问卷中抽取的5点量表具有可接受的心理测量学指标。主因素分析表明,心理健康从业者的职业压力可分为三类:专业能力不足、缺乏单位支持、工作负担过重。回归分析表明:影响职业压力的非专业因素有:年龄,性别,教育水平,全职或兼职,场所是否专用,以及每周咨询的小时数。在专业因素中,督导和培训能显著地缓解心理健康从业者的职业压力。治疗中的困难情况会显著地引发心理健康从业者的职业压力。     

健康素养促进型组织的概念内涵、测量工具及其影响因素

通过对健康素养促进型组织的概念内涵、测评工具以及影响因素进行综述,以期引起国内学者和实践者的关注,为我国健康素养促进型组织研究提供参考。综述结果表明,健康素养促进型组织概念内涵发展逐渐趋同;测量工具多以10项特征为基础结合各机构实际状况进行构建,分为医疗机构、服务人群以及综合视角三大类;影响因素方面主要涉及组织文化、人力资源、患者参与和组织支持等。建议将构建健康素养促进型组织作为落实健康中国战略的重要措施,积极开展适应中国情境的健康素养促进型组织理论研究,加快推进我国医疗机构的健康素养促进型组织建设。

     

影响短时记忆信息提取的因素研究

用21个被试研究了影响短时记忆信息提取的因素发现,判断标准对短时记忆信息提取有显著影响。判断标准对短时记忆信息提取的影响可能说明了不同判断标准下,短时记忆信息存储的方式不同。实验再一次证明,短时记忆信息提取不是以搜索为基础。     

Factors Assisting Female Clients' Disclosure of Incest During Counseling

The purpose of this study was to explore specific behaviors and characteristics of counselors that relate to adult, female clients' disclosure of incest during counseling. A total of 37 female incest victims who had sought counseling within the previous 3 years completed the study. Information about disclosure of incest during counseling and perceptions of counselors' characteristics and reactions were gathered by a structured interview and the modified Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory. Results suggest that factors related to initial disclosure and exploration of incest are client readiness, direct questioning by the counselor, specific counselor characteristics, and positive counselor reactions to initial disclosure. Guidelines for assisting clients' disclosure of incest are presented.     

Factors Influencing Perceptions of Breast Cancer Genetic Counseling among Women in an Urban Health Care System

The study assessed perceptions of breast cancer genetic counseling. Focus groups were conducted with twenty women (ages < = 50 years) in a Midwestern, urban health system identified as at above average risk of developing hereditary breast cancer and referred for breast cancer genetic counseling following mammography. All participants associated the words “breast cancer” with fear. African American women who received breast cancer genetic counseling may have channeled their fear into increased vigilance related to breast health. African American women who did not receive breast cancer genetic counseling were most knowledgeable about it. In contrast, Caucasian women who did not receive it reported uncertainty about the role of genetic counseling and testing in assessing breast cancer risk, mistrust in medical professionals, and lack of trust in the accuracy of genetic tests. The results could be used to help develop interventions to improve informed decision-making regarding breast cancer genetic counseling.     

药物临床试验信息公开研究

在对政府药物临床试验信息公开现状分析的基础上,根据与公众利益、与申办人利益和公开效益成本比在法理上确定了药物临床试验的公开范围,并建议完善政府信息公开指南、扩大公开范围以及促进申办人主动公开等确保信息公开、公平、便民.     

Factors Influencing Employee Beliefs That Pay Is Tied to Performance

The unique relationship of perceived pay level equity, perceived appraisal accuracy, merit increase satisfaction, trust in supervisor, and trust in top management to employee beliefs that pay is tied to performance was investigated in a sample of 658 managerial, professional, and clerical employees. Pay level equity, merit increase satisfaction, and trust in top management exhibited a significant unique relationship. Post hoc analysis found appraisal accuracy exhibited a significant unique relationship with belief that pay is tied to performance among employees receiving a lower or higher than expected performance appraisal, but not among employees receiving the expected performance appraisal.     

心脏死亡器官捐献家属决定的影响因素及对策研究

2010年3月起我国开始推行心脏死亡器官捐献试点工作.通过对51例潜在心脏死亡器官捐献案例进行开放式访谈;探讨协调介入时机和环境、协调员专业水平、家属对脑死亡及捐献流程信息的了解、家庭组成、传统文化对器官捐献决定的影响;针对性提出提高器官捐献数量和捐献率的策略.     

Factors Influencing Employee Intentions to Provide Honest Upward Feedback Ratings

Based on current research involving rater motivation, we examined several factors hypothesized to influence employee intentions to provide honest upward feedback. Survey data were collected from a demographically diverse sample of hospital employees (n = 203). In summary, we found empirical support for generalizing extant models of rater motivation to an upward feedback context: cynicism towards upper management and the upward feedback process, understanding upward feedback, and opportunity to observe their supervisors were the primary predictors of employee intentions to provide honest upward feedback ratings, mediated by the (a) extent to which employees perceived positive benefits would result from rating their supervisors honestly, (b) the extent to which employees feared retaliation by their supervisors, and (c) rater self-efficacy.

临床研究信息公开的伦理原则分析

随着国内企业和研究者发起的临床研究越来越多,达到国际公认的临床研究信息公开伦理原则非常重要。临床研究信息公开包括研究开始前的注册登记以及研究结束后的结果发表及数据公开。文章基于对《赫尔辛基宣言》和《涉及人的生物医学研究国际伦理准则》的文献研究和比较分析,系统地梳理了临床研究信息公开相关伦理原则的发展沿革及最新要求,并对我国目前临床研究信息公开的现状进行分析,以期促进我国临床研究信息公开的发展完善,加强受试者保护并促进临床研究质量提升。     

公立医院信息披露的研究现状及展望

建立公立医院信息披露制度是完善公立医院监管模式、促进公立医院改革的有效措施。运用文献分析法,从政府监管、患者权益、医疗质量和水平、其他利益相关者四方面探讨公立医院信息披露的必要性,分析公立医院信息披露现状及存在的问题。提出构建多元化信息披露主体、多样化信息披露方式、多方面信息披露内容、多种类信息披露渠道和多方监管的信息披露制度等措施,对各项改革齐头并进,以建立中国特色的公立医院信息披露体系。     

Minority Dissent in Organizations: Factors Influencing Willingness to Dissent1

Minority dissent disrupts stability but also stimulates individual creativity, the quality of group decision making, and organizational adaptiveness. It is argued that we know little about antecedents of minority dissent in organizations. To fill this void, managers (N= 108) were asked about their willingness to take up a minority position within their team or work unit. Results showed that willingness to dissent was predicted by the manager's extraversion, as well as by group factors, including possibility for communication, goal clarity, and past neglect of disagreements. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.     

Using Analogies to Communicate Information about Health Risks

Analogies are often used to explain health‐related concepts in medical practice, but it is unclear whether they actually improve understanding and, if so, why. Here, we studied these issues in experiments on probabilistic national samples in two countries, focusing on two questions. First, we investigated whether analogies are helpful in communicating medical information to people with different levels of numeracy and for tasks of different levels of difficulty. Second, following existing theories of analogies, we studied what characteristics of analogies improve their helpfulness. Our results revealed that for difficult medical problems, analogies were helpful to high‐numeracy people but less so to low‐numeracy people. For easy medical problems, the results were reversed. Different analogies were successful in different cultural contexts. In accord with theoretical expectations, the most helpful analogies were those with high similarity of the relationships between objects in their target and base and those with highly familiar bases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

影响大学生参与网上招聘意向的因素模型

该研究基于“计划行为理论”探索了影响大学生参与网上招聘意向的因素模型。研究结果证实了创建的模型对大学生参与网上招聘意向的预测和解释效力:(1)态度、针对网上招聘的特殊互联网自我效能感以及知觉到的对行为实施与否的控制力对大学生参与网上招聘的意向有显著的直接正向影响;(2)人际规范和知觉到的有用性对态度有显著的正向影响,知觉到的危险性对态度有显著的负向影响;(3)一般互联网自我效能感(ISE)对针对网上招聘的特殊ISE有显著的正向影响,对大学生参与网上招聘意向并没有直接的影响,而是通过针对网上招聘的特殊ISE这一中介变量产生间接影响。     

Compelled Authorizations for Disclosure of Health Records: Magnitude and Implications

Each year individuals are required to execute millions of authorizations for the release of their health records as a condition of employment, applying for various types of insurance, and submitting claims for benefits. Generally, there are no restrictions on the scope of information released pursuant to these compelled authorizations, and the development of a nationwide system of interoperable electronic health records will increase the amount of health information released. After quantifying the extent of these disclosures, this article discusses why it is important to limit disclosures of health information for nonmedical purposes as well as how it may be possible to do so.     

Factors Influencing Women Over 40 Years to Take Precautions Against Cervical Cancer

This study investigated whether the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Health Belief Model (HBM) would predict older women's intention to have regular Pap smear tests. The sample was a group of 144 women aged 40 years and over. Results showed that each model was a significant predictor of intention. Results also indicated that for some women the sex of the doctor was a significant factor in their decision to have a Pap test. Interview data indicated that some general practitioners did not believe it was necessary for older women to have a regular Pap test. These findings have application in planning health education campaigns.