L’abord de la sexualité par les professionnel·le·s de santé en oncologie : une revue de la littérature

The improvement in medical techniques has drastically modified the practice of care in oncology. Supportive care, geared towards supporting patients with chronic illnesses, now occupies a greater place alongside treatments aimed at survival. These changes have conducted some health care professionals to be more interested in patients’ quality of life and, in particular, to the impact of cancer on sexuality. Repercussions on sexuality are actually one of the most problematic aspects of patients’ quality of life post cancer. The aim of this paper is to draw up a review of the English and French literature on this “new” concern which still seems to raise many challenges in practice. Our review emphasizes that despite the recognition of the importance of addressing sexuality issues post cancer in oncology, in their practices, physicians as the nurses alike find it difficult to address. In addition, it underlines that the dominant social representations of sexuality – in terms of gender, sexual orientation and age – have permeated health care professionals’ subjectivities and, at the same time, influence how sexuality is address and interfere with a systematic discussion of these issues throughout the care process. Our discussion tackles the lack of psychologists, both in research and clinic, regarding these issues. Finally, our conclusion highlights the contributions of psychology facing issue posed by sexuality in oncology.     

L’évaluation psychologique en situation transculturelle : une révision de la littérature

Human migration provokes transcultural clinical encounters that may challenge the way clinicians see themselves and how they proceed in their usual practices. In the field of psychology, psychological assessment is an important tool to better understand the patients’ needs and to design psychological interventions. Considering that most diagnostic tests and manuals have been developed in the Western context, the application of these tools with other populations remains controversial. The present literature review aims to describe the state of current knowledge on psychological transcultural assessment. Specifically, we will address: (1) the use of psychological tests in transcultural contexts, (2) the development of the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI, DSM-5) and (3) the clinical interview: language, therapeutic relationship and participation of interpreters. In the first section, we discuss the international norms for scales and tests translation and adaptation, as well as the cultural issues that may bias the test’ application and interpretation. In the second section, we describe the creation of the CFI, and its use in recent studies. The CFI is composed by four clusters: (1) cultural definition of a problem, (2) cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support, (3) cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help seeking, and (4) cultural factors affecting current help seeking. The revised studies indicated that the CFI has a positive impact on the cultural sensibilization of mental health professionals, also improving the relationship between the patients and professionals. The cultural formulation may also prevent misdiagnosis. Beyond the use of tests and structured interviews, the clinician also faces other challenges during a transcultural assessment. We discuss in the third section the transferential and countertransferential relationship in a transcultural situation. Several elements may influence this relationship, at an individual, institutional and societal level. The evaluation of these elements may allow the clinician to better understand results of the psychological assessment. We also describe the current guidelines for the use of interpreters during health consultations in France. In conclusion, several advances have been made in the field of transcultural psychological assessment, among other things the development of guides for good translation and cultural adaptation of tools, as well as the integration of cultural issues into the DSM. However, research and changes in clinical practice are still needed, as the evaluation of cultural biases in cognitive tests and the expansion of cultural competences training among clinicians.     

Syndrome d’apnée hypopnée obstructif du sommeil en Afrique Sub-saharienne : une revue de la littérature

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is common, under diagnosed and severe. It increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, reduces life expectancy and alters the quality of life.The objective of this work was to review the scientific literature on OSAHS in Sub-Saharan Africa from 2009 to September 2019.A search on PubMed, Science Direct, African Index Medicus, African Journals on line and Google scholar found a total of 43 references relevant to the theme.OSAHS publications are scarce in sub-Saharan Africa with no data for 36 countries. Practitioners’ level of knowledge about the disease was low. Polygraphy and / or polysomnography were not available in the majority of Sub-Saharan African countries. The prevalences obtained remained higher than those found in Europe and USA. OSAHS predominated in men, with a peak around 55 years old. The most consistent risk factor was obesity. The association OSAHS chronic pathology remained frequent. The excessive cost of continuous positive pressure, surgery and the lack of health insurance in these countries limited access to treatment.We need to improve the knowledge, in sub-Saharan Africa, of practitioners in the field of sleep medicine, to make polysomnography available in public health structures, to create sleep units in teaching hospitals to strengthen practical training and finally to make accessible treatment.     

L’accueil en santé mentale,si on en parlait ! Une revue de littérature

ObjectiveThis narrative literature review aims to present the studies on the concept of welcome in the field of health. The concept of reception remains difficult to define by healthcare professionals and their beneficiaries. This is a fruitful concept but whose outlines are still poorly defined. This paper aims to identify the intrinsic dimensions of reception?MethodA narrative synthesizes systematic reviews was conducted using 4 search engines: PubMed, PsychINFO, Cairn and Science Direct. A total of 17 publications was selected.ResultsSeven dimensions of the welcome have emerged: (1) relational approach; (2) singular and iterative process; (3) conditions of the reception; (4) risks of the encounter; (5) personal qualities of healthcare professionals; (6) gestures at the reception; (7) needs of people welcomed. These results highlight the importance of integrating these dimensions within an integrative model.ConclusionIt appears that reception must be perceived as a complex iterative process enroll in a relational approach. The major issues to the establishment of a sufficiently good welcome are to be perceive in a reflexive attitude for all the protagonists.     

Les stratégies de coping : une revue de la littérature dans les domaines du sport et de l’éducation

IntroductionCoping is a central concept in sport and educational settings, given the stress caused by the involvement of skills, the uncertainty of the result, the failure and/or the obstacles during learning efforts. Understanding why and how individuals adopt or do not adaptive behaviors in these contexts is a major issue not only in terms of health and well-being but also in terms of performance optimization.Literature findingsThis literature review is based specifically on the studies in the fields of sport and education psychology.DiscussionThe specific features and common points of these contexts, the specific coping strategies, their antecedents and their outcomes as well as the methodological limitations and existing designs are highlighted.ConclusionPromising research perspectives are discussed to study coping in sport and academic contexts.     

Multitâche numérique et compréhension : une revue de la littérature

IntroductionIn recent years, many Anglo-Saxon studies in psychology have focused on the effects of digital technologies on learning, when they are used during study time in class or at home. Such uses have been called media multitasking. The purpose of this article is to report on these recent advances.Literature findingsThrough a literature review of 46 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2020, we first report information's on learners’ uses demonstrating the prevalence of media multitasking and its effect on academic achievement. We then show that these uses can interfere with the retention of learning content, as well as with comprehension, under certain conditions and in a non-systematic way.Discussion–conclusionFinally, we discuss some recommendations that can be drawn from these studies: considering technologies and including their uses during learning or limiting their uses, depending on educational choices.     

La codépendance : nouvel outil clinique ou flou conceptuel ? Une revue de la littérature

The goal of this literature review is to introduce, present and analyze the clinical phenomenon that is codependency. It will present explanatory models, measurement tools and therapeutic strategies, before introducing a critical analysis of this concept and its use. Codependency is an entity defined by several major symptoms such as denial, hyper-control, emotional repression, compulsions, self-neglect and a difficulty setting healthy boundaries. It is evaluated with a valid and reliable tool, called the Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT). On a therapeutic level, specialists underline the importance of a pre-therapeutic diagnosis and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. They also emphasize the benefits of combined individual and group therapy. On a collective level, 12 step programs, such as Al-Anon and Codependents Anonymous, offer support groups adapted to these symptoms although they insist on certain limits that must be understood. Despite an interest for this concept because of its clinical usefulness and its resonance with certain patients that suffer from it, certain authors mention conceptual flaws and insufficient empirical data. Thus, exploratory research concerning this phenomenon and its effects must continue.     

Les déterminants du décrochage dans l’enseignement secondaire : une revue de littérature

IntroductionDropping out of school is a research topic with various dimensions: non-graduation, school leaving, absenteeism, school failure and school refusal. It involves processes determined by various factors – individual, social, familial and institutional. Individual determinants have specifically been studied in the recent literature. They involve demographic and academic indicators, behaviors, attitudes and mental health of the student, as well as specific types of school refusal. The aim of our study is to update knowledge in this specific field, and highlight underlying problems and methodological issues raised in the literature.MethodDropping out of school is defined as leaving school without a qualification. It involves a process of specific disengagement, which is non-reducible to the negative counterpart of school commitment. The present article is a review of literature from PsycInfo on the individual determinants of dropping out of school. It is based on 50 articles published between 2010 and 2017, related to the following topics: school dropouts, school leavers, school refusal, and academic failure. Five exclusion criteria were used: studies with single factor analysis, literature review, sample excluding secondary education, sample of less than n = 100, non-general, non-mixed, or composed of a sociodemographic minority.ResultsSchool performance and early risk behaviors (substance use disorders, sexuality) remain the best determinants of dropping out throughout the duration of schooling. Psychopathological factors, anxiety, depression and externalized disorders can play a direct or indirect role in the prediction of dropping out. Lack of psycho-emotional support strongly supports the intention to drop out. Motivation has an unequal predictive value, depending on the type of construct or theoretical model used. Inappropriate beliefs, low self-esteem, pessimism, creativity appear as indirect determinants of dropping out. School burnout, understood as emotional, physical and mental exhaustion due to education, directly causes a break between the student and the school.DiscussionMethodological bias can modify the significance of determinants such as gender, academic achievement and retention. Greater knowledge about the relationships between determinants, the profiles of at-risk students and temporalities should help clarify students’ trajectories and the processes at work in different school contexts. Recommendations to educational staff are put forward regarding the detection of individual indicators of dropping out.     

Les capacités d'inhibition : une fonction « frontale » ?

It has been strongly suggested that one important function related to frontal lobes is inhibition. However, a review of the literature on classical tests of inhibition (Stroop test, WCST, and AB-AC learning) suggests that this hypothesis is not well established. We further examined this hypothesis using short-term and long-term directed forgetting tasks (Reed, 1970, Zacks et al., 1996), the Stroop test and the Hayling test (Burgess and Shallice, 1996) in 13 patients with focal frontal lesions. The results revealed short-term and long-term memory deficits and a slowing down, but no inhibition deficit compared with control subjects. These results question the relevance of the hypothesis of the frontal lobe as the unique substrate of inhibitory mechanisms. More generally, they address the issue of executive functions: are these sustained by the frontal cortex or by a cortical and subcortical diffuse neural network?     

Changements technologiques,TIC et santé psychologique au travail : une revue de la littérature

Changes, innovations and developments in the corporate environment are followed by new organizational policies. These new work policies are marked by the introduction of innovative working tools commonly known as Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The aim of this article is to propose a theoretical reflection on the technological changes and psychological health at work. From a corpus of articles and books published in management and psychology journals (English and French), several categories of ICTs in organizations are explored. These ICTs lead from a rigid organization to a flexible one. They enable organizations to maximize productive capacities, reduce intermediate management, recompose work collectives and develop the versatility of employees. These arrangements also change the nature, modalities and content of the work to be carried out. Beyond that, ICTs give workers the opportunity to renew their skills, open up new fields of action, broaden the space for autonomy and increase efficiency. But at the same time, these technologies can also involve more control and pressure, increase intensification factors and considerably reduce the scope for maneuver and expression of the trade; exposing the psychological health of employees to risks such as stress and burn out.     

La méthode d’intervention en psychodynamique du travail face au « tournant gestionnaire » : l’exemple d’une intervention dans une unité mixte de recherche

This text aims to show the continuing interest in using the “canonical” method of investigation in work psychodynamics in the context of what is commonly called the managerial turning point. In order to demonstrate this methodology, the authors will rely on a survey conducted in a U.M.R of science called “hard science” following a recommendation of the Agency for evaluation of research and higher education. We will raise the impact of this intervention, allowing participants to think about their work relationship and the necessary modalities in order to do it continuously well, within the managerial logic context.     

« Te dire comment je me suis sentie insultée ! » – Instruments, émotions et transformation de l’activité

This article examines the place of emotions in mediated activity. The literature has shown that management tools produce emotions for users. However, this literature mainly analyses users in isolation and without taking into account their work context. Building on the work of Rabardel and 15 interviews with managers, this article shows how the emotions produced by the use of management tools transform the relationship to the activity, the relationship to oneself and the relationship to others and contribute to the transformation of the mediated activity. These results allow to underline the place of emotions in the mediated activity but also to discuss the relevance of the usual distinction between positive and negative emotions.     

Comment réagir face à une situation de harcèlement à l’école ? Une synthèse de la littérature

Bullying affects a significant number of students and can have serious negative consequences in terms of physical and mental health. It is, therefore, necessary for education staff to know how to respond effectively to stop it. However, this does not always seem to be the case at present. The purpose of this article is to describe six commonly used reactive approach (direct sanctions, restorative practices, reinforcement of the victim, mediation, the support group method, and the shared concerns method), as well as to synthesize the scientific knowledge regarding the effectiveness of each of these approaches. It emerges that no approach appears to be particularly effective in all cases and that it is therefore necessary for professionals to be trained to be able to choose the appropriate approach according to the situation.     

Stigmatisation intériorisée et consommation de substances psychoactives : revue systématique de la littérature

IntroductionSubstance use is a very stigmatized condition all over the world. Moreover, lots of people who use drugs or alcohol tend to internalize these stigmas, which can lead to harmful consequences. Corrigan's progressive model of self-stigma suggest that individuals go through four stages to internalize the stigma (aware, agree, apply, harm) and then undergo a stage of resignation and lack of hope and energy called “why try”. Research seems to be increasingly interested in this phenomenon, so we wonder, where we stand in the comprehension of internalized stigma for substances users?ObjectiveThis work aims to systematically review ten-past years studies about self-stigma in substance addiction in order to assess the status of curr ent works in this area.MethodThis systematic review was led inspired by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statements on the electronic databases PubMed, PsycInfo and PsycArticle. The inclusion criteria were: references published between 2010 and 2020, in French or English language which shows results about self-stigma for psychoactives substances users. A total of 39 studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review.ResultsSynthesizing findings across the studies revealed some important topics. First, the progressive model seems to be statistically valid among drug and/or alcohol users. Nevertheless, self-stigma of drugs and/or alcohol is not the only condition that entails users. A varieties of other factors (i.e. HIV, sex work) are to be considered in the understanding of stigmatization. In the studies, negative consequences due to self-stigma in substance use were observed such as depression or anxiety symptoms, lower self-esteem and negatives emotions as fear and shame.ConclusionAll these results are to be considered within their limits. In light of these findings, the knowledge acquired will allow professionals to develop new interventions to prevent and to reduce self-stigma of drug and/or alcohol users.     

La psychothérapie assistée par la MDMA dans la prise en charge du syndrome de stress post-traumatique

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is estimated to remain chronic and severe for 25–50% of patients despite psychotherapeutic treatment. Part of the reasons is that patients with PTSD can have difficulties in establishing a good therapeutical alliance with the therapist. Moreover, they often fail to re-think the content of the trauma without being overwhelmed by negative emotions and tend to rely on avoidance strategies and/or to abandon the therapy. MDMA (“ecstasy”) is a drug classified as an entactogen (en “within”, tactus “touch”, and gen “produce”), an amphetamine with psychedelic properties that possesses psychopharmacological properties to overcome these issues. Indeed, MDMA triggers the release of oxytocin, which favors the establishment of interpersonal relationship based on kindness and trust. Moreover, MDMA diminishes the activity of the amygdale, allowing patients to work on challenging memories with less fear and anxiety. Finally, MDMA may also provide access to meaningful spiritual experiences, release of tensions and a sense of healing on a non-verbal level that are not completely understood. But are viewed as important by patients. Today, there is no evidence that the use of MDMA in a clinical setting has bad neurologic, psychological or cognitive consequences. Results of phase II trials in the United States and Europe confirm that MDMA favors psychotherapy's outcome without severe adverse effects. Phase III trials are underway. The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) has published online a method proposal and trains therapists in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy.ConclusionFood and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) could approve this therapeutic tool in the coming years.