ON THE NEED FOR A BASIC SCIENCE APPROACH TO PSYCHOTHERAPY RESEARCH

Abstract— This article argues that the greatest progress in developing more effective psychotherapist will come from a renewed emphasis on designing and conducting therapy research as basic science devoted lo the acquisition of cause-and-effect relationships and from collaborations between clinical researchers and basic researchers from other domains of psychology.     

OPTIONS FOR SMALL SAMPLE SIZES IN VALIDATION: A CASE FOR THE J-COEFFICIENT

One of the continuing problems that employers face is the validation of their personnel decisions. While a major emphasis of validation has concerned hiring decisions, it is also clear from the 1978 Uniform Guidelines that other decisions concerning individuals are subject to scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to explore the various option available for the validation of selection procedures when criterion-related validity is technically infeasible and to present a conceptual framework, the J -Coefficient, within which all validation options can be considered.     

THE NEED FOR TRUE CONTROVERSIES IN PSYCHOANALYSIS: THE DEBATES ON MELANIE KLEIN AND JACQUES LACAN IN THE RÍO DE LA PLATA

Controversies are part of the process of scientific knowing. In psychoanalysis, the diversity of theoretical, technical and epistemological positions makes the debate particularly necessary and by the same token difficult. In this paper, the author examines the function of controversies and the obstacles to their development, taking as examples the debates held in the Rao de la Plata (Buenos Aires and Montevideo) during the nineteen seventies, when the dominant Kleinian ideas came into contact with Lacanian thought. The author examines different examples of argumentative discourses, using concepts taken from the theory of argumentation. The major difficulties encountered did not hinge on characteristics pertaining to psychoanalytic theories (i.e. the lack of commensurability between them), but on the defensive strategies aimed at keeping each theory's premises safe from the opposing party's arguments. A true debate implies the construction of a shared argumentative field that makes it possible to lay out the different positions and see some interaction between them and is guided by the search for the best argument. When this occurs, controversies promote the discipline's development, even when they fail to reach any consensus.     

THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE IN THE EVOLVING COSMOS: A NEED FOR DIALOGUE

Abstract. Theology and science are both essential to the process of making sense of the world. Yet their relationship over the centuries has been largely adversarial. The Darwinian revolution, in particular, has necessitated a radical reinterpretation of the traditional dogma concerning creation. In this paper I discuss two general issues that presently obstruct communication between scientists and theologians in this arena and that are brought into acute focus by Wolfhart Pannenberg. First, the need to exercise care in the use of such denotative concepts as field especially in understanding the Darwinian character of the evolutionary process is addressed. Second, the ontological room science necessarily leaves theology in this enterprise is considered.     

SEX DISCRIMINATION IN HIRING: THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE AND NEED FOR APPROVAL ON DECISION MAKING BEHAVIOR

It was hypothesized that an organization's climate could inhibit or encourage discriminatory behavior, and that subjects' need for approval would interact with climate to influence their decisions. One hundred and sixty-one male business students read one of two sets of materials intended to manipulate company climate, and then evaluated a fictitious resume of a male or female applicant for a managerial position within the company. Decisions regarding hire, salary, applicant fit with the company, and anticipated longevity were dependent measures. The hypothesis regarding organizational climate received partial support. In a discriminatory climate women applicants were evaluated less favorably than men in terms of likelihood of hire and degree of fit between the applicant and the organization. Although not statistically significant, a similar pattern of results was obtained on the salary measure and on the measure of applicant predicted longevity. Contrary to expectations, approval motivation was not related to the dependent measures.     

COURT STANDARDS FOR JOB ANALYSIS IN TEST VALIDATION

Selected Federal court are reviewed and analyzed to determine the criteria used by the courts in their assessment of job analyses in the development and validation of selection tests. A set of standards which delineates the components and characteristics of a job analysis necessary to withstand legal scrutiny is presented. Implications are discussed.     

THE EFFECT OF QUALITY CONTROL REVISIONS ON MIXED STANDARD SCALE RATING ERRORS

Evaluations of performance evaluation ratings conventionally use various psychometric criteria, with reliability being the measure most commonly reported. Rating errors have been attributed to a variety of sources, including the statistical properties of the format or content, ratee performance variability, rater biases, and characteristics of the work setting. This article reports research on error statistics that can be generated using the Mixed Standard Scale (MSS) evaluation format. The reduction of system error rates following revision guided by statistical analysis is a clear indication that the quality control features of this format are useful in the management of performance evaluation systems.     

身体与艺术：对于身体美学的需求

一 我们人文知识分子往往将身体视做理所当然,因为我们是如此热衷于精神生活以及表达我们的人性和精神渴望的创造性艺术。但是,身体并不仅仅是我们人性的一个根本维度（表达着人性中的一切模糊性）;它也是我们生活的基本媒介以及所有表现的基础手段,我们使用工具的工具,我们的一切知觉、行动甚至思想的一个必要条件。     

消费者产品质量知觉研究

本文探讨了品牌、产地、价格、服务及消费者的知识经验对消费者产品质量知觉的影响。结果表明：１、品牌、产地、服务对消费者的产品质量知觉有显著影响;２、消费者对名牌产品的质量知觉显著高于不知名品牌,对进口产品质量知觉显著高于国产产品,对服务好的产品质量知觉显著高于服务差的产品;３、知识经验丰富的消费者的产品质量知觉易受品牌的影响,而知识经验不足的消费者的产品质量知觉易受价格、服务的影响。     

THE IMPACT OF JOB ANALYSIS ON EMPLOYMENT TEST VALIDATION FOR MINORITY AND NONMINORITY ACCOUNTING PERSONNEL

The purposes of the present study were (a) to examine the comparative validity of a written job knowledge test constructed on the basis of a systematic job analysis with that of a commercial employment test selected in the absence of a prior job analysis for accounting positions and (b) to determine the fairness of each test for minority and nonminority job applicants. Results indicated that the job knowledge test was a valid and unbiased predictor of relevant criteria of job performance while the commercial employment test produced adverse impact and lacked validity. Implications of the results for future research studies and test validation efforts involving differential prediction are discussed.     

TOWARDS PARTNERSHIP FOR RELEVANT RESEARCH IN THE THIRD WORLD

Over twenty years back, the concept of development and the resource superiority in the West imposed on the Third World psychologists a relationship which since then has evolved from the stage of pure subordination through indigenization into a phase which might turn out to be relatively more collaborative. The purpose of this paper is to take a brief historical account of the process of this evolving relationship which also tends to change the concept of development itself. The purely economic concept of development through industrialization and individual efforts has yielded to an emerging view of development where economic, social, environmental, and other factors are integrated and centred around human development. While based primarily on the Indian experiences, the perspective developed here may have some relevance to the Third World in general.     

ON THE ROLE OF THE RESEARCH AGENDA IN EPISTEMIC CHANGE

The standard way of representing an epistemic state in formal philosophy is in terms of a set of sentences, corresponding to the agent’s beliefs, and an ordering of those sentences, reflecting how well entrenched they are in the agent’s epistemic state. We argue that this wide-spread representational view – a view that we identify as a “Quinean dogma” – is incapable of making certain crucial distinctions. We propose, as a remedy, that any adequate representation of epistemic states must also include the agent’s research agenda, i.e., the list of question that are open or closed at any given point in time. If the argument of the paper is sound, a person’s questions and practical interests, on the one hand, and her beliefs and theoretical values, on the other, are more tightly interwoven than has previously been assumed to be the case in formal epistemology.     

THE NEED FOR POWER IN WOMEN WHO WERE SEXUALLY ABUSED AS CHILDREN An Exploratory Study

Ten women who had been sexually abused as children and a matched group of women who had not been sexually abused participated in a preliminary study to explore the hypothesis that feelings of powerlessness and a compensatory need for power continue into adulthood for survivors of childhood sexual abuse. The Picture-Story Exercise (PSE) was used as an indirect assessment technique to determine the level of the need for power (McClelland, 1985; Winter, 1973, 1988). Results indicated that the stories of women with sexual abuse histories revealed a higher need for power and greater fear of power than those of nonabused women. Further content analysis of the PSE revealed that sexual abuse survivors' stories also contained more references to Finkelhor and Browne's (1986) dynamics of powerlessness, traumatic sexualization, betrayal, and stigmatization. These findings suggest important directions for future research as well as areas for therapeutic exploration.