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1.
Coefficients Alpha,Beta, Omega,and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
There are three fundamental problems in Sijtsma (Psychometrika, 2008): (1) contrary to the name, the glb is not the greatest lower bound of reliability but rather is systematically less than
ω
t
(McDonald, Test theory: A unified treatment, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 1999), (2) we agree with Sijtsma that when considering how well a test measures one concept, α is not appropriate, but recommend ω
t
rather than the glb, and (3) the end user needs procedures that are readily available in open source software. 相似文献
2.
Phillip J. Tully Ian T. Zajac Anthony J. Venning 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(5):717-726
It has been reported that depression and anxiety have overlapping symptoms and are conceptually interrelated. One of the most
prominent theoretical developments that explain this association is Clark and Watson’s tripartite model (Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 100:316–336, 1991) that posits these two disorders and negative emotions share a latent component of negative affect (NA). The current study
had two aims, (a) to compare a tripartite factor structure against competing models by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995), and (b) explore the psychometric properties of the DASS-21. The DASS-21 was completed by a representative sample of 4039
young Australians, aged 12–18 years, as part of the South Australian Youth Mental Health Survey (SAYMHS), South Australia,
Australia. The best fitting model for the data consisted of anhedonic depression, physiological hyperarousal, and general
NA. The psychometric properties of the DASS-21 were excellent with a stable and interpretable factor structure and good internal
consistency. The results of the current study suggest that the theoretical tripartite structure of depression and anxiety
is robust and applicable among Australian youth. The diagnostic, clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are
discussed. 相似文献
3.
Quincy J. J. Wong Michelle L. Moulds 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(2):273-284
Clark and Wells’ (1995) model of social phobia proposes that there are three types of maladaptive self-beliefs responsible for persistent social
anxiety (high standard, conditional, and unconditional beliefs). Although these beliefs are theoretically important, there
currently is not a validated measure of these beliefs in the social anxiety literature. Hence, the Self-Beliefs Related to
Social Anxiety (SBSA) Scale was developed (Wong & Moulds, 2010a) and its psychometric properties were examined in the current study using a non-clinical sample (N = 600). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses ultimately indicated that a correlated three-factor solution optimally
summarized the data with the three factors corresponding to the three belief types. The SBSA and its three subscales demonstrated
good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent and divergent validity. The SBSA thus appears
to have good psychometric properties and is appropriate for use in non-clinical samples. The potential applications of the
SBSA and avenues for future research are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Mandy Robbins Leslie J. Francis Bethan Edwards 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2010,29(2):89-94
The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was developed by Hills and Argyle (2002) to provide a more accessible equivalent measure of the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). The aim of the present study was
to examine the internal consistency reliability, and construct validity of this new instrument alongside the Eysenckian dimensional
model of personality. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire was completed by a sample of 131 undergraduate students together
with the abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The data demonstrated good internal consistency
reliability (alpha = .92) and good construct validity in terms of positive association with extraversion (r = .38 p < .001) and negative association with neuroticism (r = −.57 p < .001). The kind of happiness measured by the OHQ is clearly associated with stable extraversion. 相似文献
5.
Researchers now know that when theoretical reliability increases, power can increase, decrease, or stay the same. However, no analytic research has examined the relationship of power to the most commonly used type of reliability—internal consistency—and the most commonly used measures of internal consistency, coefficient alpha and ICC(A,k). We examine the relationship between the power of independent samples t tests and internal consistency. We explicate the mathematical model upon which researchers usually calculate internal consistency, one in which total scores are calculated as the sum of observed scores on K measures. Using this model, we derive a new formula for effect size to show that power and internal consistency are influenced by many of the same parameters but not always in the same direction. Changing an experiment in one way (e.g., lengthening the measure) is likely to influence multiple parameters simultaneously; thus, there are no simple relationships between such changes and internal consistency or power. If researchers revise measures to increase internal consistency, this might not increase power. To increase power, researchers should increase sample size, select measures that assess areas where group differences are largest, and use more powerful statistical procedures (e.g., ANCOVA). 相似文献
6.
Ian Underwood 《Philosophical Studies》2010,151(2):265-283
Baxter (Australas J Philos 79:449–464, 2001) proposes an ingenious solution to the problem of instantiation based on his theory of cross-count identity. His idea is
that where a particular instantiates a universal it shares an aspect with that universal. Both the particular and the universal
are numerically identical with the shared aspect in different counts. Although Baxter does not say exactly what a count is,
it appears that he takes ways of counting as mysterious primitives against which different numerical identities are defined. In contrast, I defend the idea—suggested,
though not quite endorsed, by Baxter himself—that counts are independent dimensions of numerical identity. Different ways
of counting are explained by the existence of these different sorts of identity (i.e., counts). For the instantiation of a
universal by a particular, I propose one dimension concerned with the individuation of particulars (the p-count) and another
dimension concerned with the individuation of universals (the u-count). On that basis, I give a clear definition of cross-count
identity that explains its asymmetrical nature (i.e., the fact that particulars instantiate universals, but not vice versa).
I extend the theory to a third dimension—that of time, or the t-count—and thereby defend Baxter’s ideas on change, and the
contingency of instantiation. Baxter (Mind 97(388):575–582, 1988; Australas J Philos 79:449–464, 2001) proposes the related idea of composition as (cross-count) identity. Parts are individually cross-count identical with the
wholes that they constitute, and they collectively share all aspects across counts with those wholes. I propose an innovation
by which totality is shared distinctness across counts. The theory applies to both the totality of particulars that instantiate any given universal, and the totality
of parts that constitute any given whole. I argue that this has several advantages over Armstrong’s view, which is based on
a dubious external totalling relation. I also argue that Armstrong’s theory of numbers (or quantities) as internal relations ought to be rejected in favour of
an account based on identity and distinctness. The paper concludes with a careful analysis of external relations in Baxter’s
framework. I argue that we must recognise one further dimension of identity in order to differentiate between, e.g., the aspects
of Abelard insofar as he loves Heloise and Abelard insofar as he loves Isobel. Each of these aspects is identical with Abelard
and identical with loving-by, yet they must be in some way distinct. I therefore propose the r-count, in which multiple distinct relational properties
are the very same relation (-part). The existence of these four independent dimensions explains the fact that particulars,
universals, relations, and times are fundamentally different sorts of things in the ontology. Each is individuated with respect
to a different dimension of identity. 相似文献
7.
Markus E. Schlosser 《Philosophical Studies》2011,155(3):345-369
This paper proposes a causal–dispositional account of rule-following as it occurs in reasoning and intentional agency. It
defends this view against Kripke’s (Wittgenstein on rules and private language, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1982) objection to dispositional accounts of rule-following, and it proposes a solution to the problem of deviant causal chains.
In the first part, I will outline the causal–dispositional approach. In the second part, I will follow Martin and Heil’s (Philos
Perspect 12:283–312, 1998) realist response to Kripke’s challenge. I will propose an account that distinguishes between two kinds of rule-conformity
and two kinds of rule-following, and I will defend the realist approach against two challenges that have recently been raised
by Handfield and Bird (Philos Stud 140:285–298, 2008). In the third part, I will turn to the problem of deviant causal chains, and I will propose a new solution that is partly
based on the realist account of rule-following. 相似文献
8.
测验信度估计:从α系数到内部一致性信度 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
沿用经典的测验信度定义, 简介了信度与a 系数的关系以及a系数的局限。为了推荐替代a系数的信度估计方法, 深入讨论了与a 系数关系密切的同质性信度和内部一致性信度。在很一般的条件下, 证明了a 系数和同质性信度都不超过内部一致性信度, 后者不超过测验信度, 说明内部一致性信度比较接近测验信度。总结出一个测验信度分析流程, 说明什么情况下a 系数还有参考价值; 什么情况下a 系数不再适用, 应当使用内部一致性信度(文献上也常称为合成信度)。提供了计算同质性信度和内部一致性信度的计算程序, 一般的应用工作者可以直接套用。 相似文献
9.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):37-51
A great deal of effort has been, and continues to be, devoted to developing consciousness artificially (A small selection
of the many authors writing in this area includes: Cotterill (J Conscious Stud 2:290–311, 1995, 1998), Haikonen (2003), Aleksander and Dunmall (J Conscious Stud 10:7–18, 2003), Sloman (2004, 2005), Aleksander (2005), Holland and Knight (2006), and Chella and Manzotti (2007)), and yet a similar amount of effort has gone in to demonstrating the infeasibility of the whole enterprise (Most notably:
Dreyfus (1972/1979, 1992, 1998), Searle (1980), Harnad (J Conscious Stud 10:67–75, 2003), and Sternberg (2007), but there are a great many others). My concern in this paper is to steer some navigable channel between the two positions,
laying out the necessary pre-conditions for consciousness in an artificial system, and concentrating on what needs to hold
for the system to perform as a human being or other phenomenally conscious agent in an intersubjectively-demanding social
and moral environment. By adopting a thick notion of embodiment—one that is bound up with the concepts of the lived body and
autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980; Varela et al. 2003; and Ziemke 2003, 2007a, J Conscious Stud 14(7):167–179, 2007b)—I will argue that machine phenomenology is only possible within an embodied distributed system that possesses a richly affective
musculature and a nervous system such that it can, through action and repetition, develop its tactile-kinaesthetic memory,
individual kinaesthetic melodies pertaining to habitual practices, and an anticipatory enactive kinaesthetic imagination.
Without these capacities the system would remain unconscious, unaware of itself embodied within a world. Finally, and following
on from Damasio’s (1991, 1994, 1999, 2003) claims for the necessity of pre-reflective conscious, emotional, bodily responses for the development of an organism’s core
and extended consciousness, I will argue that without these capacities any agent would be incapable of developing the sorts
of somatic markers or saliency tags that enable affective reactions, and which are indispensable for effective decision-making
and subsequent survival. My position, as presented here, remains agnostic about whether or not the creation of artificial
consciousness is an attainable goal. 相似文献
10.
An online version of a Picture Story Exercise (PSE) was administered to 180 participants to assess implicit motives for achievement,
affiliation, and power. First, data were analyzed with respect to different aspects of participant behavior (dropout, writing
time, story length, setting). Second, online data were compared with data collected in the laboratory (n = 93). Results regarding motive density, internal consistency, picture profiles, and position effects were comparable among
samples and consistent with previous research (Pang and Schultheiss in J Person Assess 85:280–294, 2005; Schultheiss and Brunstein in J Person Assess 77: 71–86, 2001). In addition, online participants completed self-report measures assessing explicit motives and the Big Five personality
factors. Explicit motives showed no substantial overlap with PSE motive scores, replicating previous research. Personality
factors revealed gender differences in correlates: men with a high implicit power motive reported less agreeableness and conscientiousness.
Results suggest that administering the PSE online yields reliable and valid data. 相似文献
11.
Ebesutani C Chorpita BF Higa-McMillan CK Nakamura BJ Regan J Lynch RE 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(2):173-185
The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale—Parent Version (RCADS-P) is a parent-report questionnaire of youth anxiety
and depression with scales corresponding to the DSM diagnoses of separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, and major depressive disorder. The RCADS-P was recently developed and has previously demonstrated strong psychometric
properties in a clinic-referred sample (Ebesutani et al., Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 38, 249–260, 2010b). The present study examined the psychometric properties of the RCADS-P in a school-based population. As completed by parents
of 967 children and adolescents, the RCADS-P demonstrated high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and good convergent/divergent
validity, supporting the RCADS-P as a measure of internalizing problems specific to depression and five anxiety disorders
in school samples. Normative data are also reported to allow for the derivation of T-scores to enhance clinicians’ ability
to make classification decisions using RCADS-P subscale scores. 相似文献
12.
Sebastian Enqvist 《Erkenntnis》2010,72(3):315-335
In the paper “On the role of the research agenda in epistemic change”, Olsson and Westlund have suggested that the notion
of epistemic state employed in the standard framework of belief revision (Alchourrón et al. 1985; G?rdenfors 1988) should be extended to include a representation of the agent’s research agenda (Olsson and Westlund 2006). The resulting framework will here be referred to as interrogative belief revision. In this paper, I attempt to deal with the problem of how research agendas should change in contraction, a problem largely left open by Olsson and Westlund. Two desiderata of an appropriate solution are suggested: one is a principle of continuity, stating that changes in the research agenda should somehow reflect that certain long term research interests are kept fixed. The other desideratum, which is based on part of Olsson and Westlund’s motivation for
adding research agendas to the epistemic states, is that we should be able to account for how contraction may serve to open
up new, fruitful hypotheses for investigation. In order to achieve these desiderata, I base my solution on a revised version of Olsson and Westlund’s notion of epistemic state. 相似文献
13.
《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(4):419-424
This paper discusses a frequency based, nonparametric measure of internal test consistency, referred to herein as coefficient alphaτ, which allows facile measurement of the significance of differences in internal consistency between tests, administrations, or scoring methods. It also permits analysis of psychological tests containing items with discrete categories of response, yielding nominal scale data. Use of alphaτ encourages flexibility in test construction, since multiple dimensions can be incorporated into individual test items. 相似文献
14.
Shinn M 《American journal of community psychology》2006,38(1-2):27-29
This commentary draws on personal experience with interdisciplinary collaborations to suggest that Maton, Perkins, and Saegert (this issue) may overstate the challenges internal to interdisciplinary work groups. It supports their discussion of external challenges, and comments on the efforts they suggest to further interdisciplinary work. 相似文献
15.
Students Who Like and Dislike School 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The major goal of this study was to investigate relationships among levels of 341 secondary school students’ school satisfaction
and various intrapersonal, interpersonal, and academic measures. The measures included the School subscale from the Multidimensional
Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1994), Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (Huebner, 1991), Children’s Hope Scale (Snyder et al. 1997), Behavioral Assessment System for Children (Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992), self-perceived grade point average (GPA) and participation in extracurricular activities (SEAs). Students were placed into
three groups based on their school satisfaction reports, including very low (lowest 20%), average (middle 30%), and very high
(highest 20%) levels of school satisfaction. Students with very low school satisfaction differed from students with very high
school satisfaction on all adjustment measures; students with very low school satisfaction also differed from students with
average levels of school satisfaction on all measures, except the self-esteem measure. Relative to students reporting average
levels of school satisfaction, students reporting very high satisfaction demonstrated significantly higher scores on measures
of global life satisfaction, hope, internal locus of control, and GPA. Finally, only three students in the very high satisfaction
group and nine students in the average satisfaction group reported clinical levels of psychological symptoms. In the very
low satisfaction group, clinical levels of symptoms were reported by 30%, 22%, and 16% of the students on the Clinical Maladjustment,
Personal Adjustment, and Emotional Symptoms Index, respectively. Implications for future research and educational practices
are discussed. 相似文献
16.
Karen L. Kuchan 《Journal of religion and health》2011,50(1):120-131
This article will expand previous conceptualizations (Kuchan, Presence Int J Spiritual Dir 12(4):22–34, 2006; J Religion Health 47(2):263–275, 2008; J Pastoral Care Counsel, forthcoming) of what might be occurring during a prayer practice that creates space within a spiritual
direction relationship for the creation of inner images that reveal a person’s unconscious relational longings and co-created
representations of God that seem to facilitate therapeutic process toward aliveness. In previous articles, I suggest one way
to understand the prayer experience is through a lens of Winnicottian notions of transitional space, illusion, and co-creation
of God images. This article expands on these ideas to include an understanding of God as Objective Other (Lewis, The four
loves, 1960) interacting with a part of a person’s self (Jung, in: The structure and dynamics of the psyche, collected works 8, 1934; Symington, Narcissism, a new theory, 1993) that has capacity for subjectivity (Benjamin, Like subjects, love objects: Essays on recognition and sexual difference,
1995) and co-creation (Winnicott, Home is where we start from: Essays by a psychoanalyst, 1990), of inner representations of God (Ulanov, Winnicott, god and psychic reality, 2001). I also expand on a notion of God as “Source of aliveness” by integrating an aspect of how Symington (Narcissism, a new
theory, 1993) thinks about “the lifegiver,” which he understands to be a mental object. After offering this theoretical expansion of the
prayer practice/experience, one woman’s inner representations of self and God are reflected upon in terms of a therapeutic
process toward transforming destructiveness, utilizing ideas from Winnicott, Kohut, and Benjamin. 相似文献
17.
The social problem posed by family conflict to the physical and psychological health and well-being of children, parents,
and underlying family relationships is a cause for concern. Inter-parental and parent–child conflict are linked with children’s
behavioral, emotional, social, academic, and health problems, with children’s risk particularly elevated in distressed marriages.
Supported by the promise of brief psycho-educational programs (e.g., Halford et al. in Journal of Family Psychology 22:497–505,
2008; Sanders in Journal of Family Psychology 22:506–517, 2008), the present paper presents the development and evaluation of a prevention program for community families with children,
concerned with family-wide conflict and relationships, and building on Emotional Security Theory (Davies and Cummings in Psychological
Bulletin 116:387–411, 1994). This program uniquely focuses on translating research and theory in this area into brief, engaging programs for community
families to improve conflict and emotional security for the sake of the children. Evaluation is based on multi-domain and
multi-method assessments of family-wide and child outcomes in the context of a randomized control design. A series of studies
are briefly described in the programmatic development of a prevention program for conflict and emotional security for community
families, culminating in a program for family-wide conflict and emotional security for families with adolescents. With regard
to this ongoing program, evidence is presented at the post-test for improvements in family-wide functioning, consideration
of the relative benefits for different groups within the community, and preliminary support for the theoretical bases for
program outcomes. 相似文献
18.
Maurice A. Finocchiaro 《Argumentation》2007,21(3):253-268
Krabbe (2003, in F.H. van Eemeren, J.A. Blair, C.A. Willard and A.F. Snoeck Henkemans (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth Conference of the International Society for the Study of Argumentation, Sic Sat, Amsterdam, pp. 641–644) defined a metadialogue as a dialogue about one or more dialogues, and a ground-level dialogue
as a dialogue that is not a metadialogue. Similarly, I define a meta-argument as an argument about one or more arguments,
and a ground-level argument as one which is not a meta-argument. Krabbe (1995, in F.H van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, J.A. Blair, C.A. Willard and A.F. Snoeck Henkemans (eds.), Proceedings of the Third ISSA Conference on Argumentation, Sic Sat, Amsterdam, pp. 333–344) showed that formal-fallacy criticism (and more generally, fallacy criticism) consists of
metadialogues, and that such metadialogues can be profiled in ways that lead to their proper termination or resolution. I
reconstruct Krabbe’s metadialogical account into monolectical, meta-argumentative terminology by describing three-types of
meta-arguments corresponding to the three ways of proving formal invalidity he studied: the trivial logic-indifferent method;
the method of counterexample situation; and the method of formal paraphrase. A fourth type of meta-argument corresponds to
what Oliver (1967, Mind
76, 463–478), Govier (1985, Informal Logic
7, 27–33), and Copi (1986) call refutation by logical analogy. A fifth type of meta-argument represents my reconstruction of
arguments by parity of reasoning studied by Woods and Hudak (1989, Informal Logic
11, 125–139). Other particular meta-arguments deserving future study are Hume’s critique of the argument from design in the
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, and Mill’s initial argument in The Subjection of Women about the importance of established custom and general feeling vis-à-vis argumentation. 相似文献
19.
Recently, there has been increasing interest in reporting subscores. This paper examines reporting of subscores using multidimensional
item response theory (MIRT) models (e.g., Reckase in Appl. Psychol. Meas. 21:25–36, 1997; C.R. Rao and S. Sinharay (Eds), Handbook of Statistics, vol. 26, pp. 607–642, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 2007; Beguin & Glas in Psychometrika, 66:471–488, 2001). A MIRT model is fitted using a stabilized Newton–Raphson algorithm (Haberman in The Analysis of Frequency Data, University
of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974; Sociol. Methodol. 18:193–211, 1988) with adaptive Gauss–Hermite quadrature (Haberman, von Davier, & Lee in ETS Research Rep. No. RR-08-45, ETS, Princeton, 2008). A new statistical approach is proposed to assess when subscores using the MIRT model have any added value over (i) the
total score or (ii) subscores based on classical test theory (Haberman in J. Educ. Behav. Stat. 33:204–229, 2008; Haberman, Sinharay, & Puhan in Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 62:79–95, 2008). The MIRT-based methods are applied to several operational data sets. The results show that the subscores based on MIRT
are slightly more accurate than subscore estimates derived by classical test theory. 相似文献
20.
This paper focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments, generally referred to as argument scheme. After outlining our approach, denominated Argumentum Model of Topics (AMT, see Rigotti and Greco Morasso 2006, 2009; Rigotti 2006, 2008, 2009), we compare it to other modern and contemporary approaches, to eventually illustrate some advantages offered by it. In spite
of the evident connection with the tradition of topics, emerging also from AMT’s denomination, its involvement in the contemporary
dialogue on argument schemes should not be overlooked. The model builds in particular on the theoretical and methodological
perspective of pragma-dialectics in its extended version, reconciling dialectic and rhetoric; nevertheless, it also takes into account numerous other contributions to the
study of argument schemes. Aiming at a representation of argument schemes able to monitor the inferential cohesion and completeness
of arguments, AMT focuses on two components of argument scheme that could be distinguished, readapting pragma-dialectical
terms, as procedural and material respectively. The procedural component is based on the semantic-ontological structure, which generates the inferential connection from which the logical
form of the argument is derived. The material component integrates into the argument scheme the implicit and explicit premises bound to the contextual common ground (Rigotti
2006). In this paper, the comparison of the AMT to other approaches focuses on the inferential configuration of arguments and
not on the typologies of argument schemes and on the principles they are based on, which the authors intend to tackle in a
further paper. 相似文献