ÉTUDE INTERCULTURELLE DES PRÉFÉRENCES MUSICALES

The question of socio-cultural relativism or universalism in aesthetic judgment is dealt with in a cross-cultural study of musical preferences. Four groups of subjects were compared: Japanese expert musicians, French professional musicians, French students in music and French non-musician students. Their task was to state their preference for one of the elements in ten pairs of excerpts of traditional Japanese music, representing three levels of complexity (Koto, Trio, Gagaku). In addition, the subjects were asked to give a general appreciation of the three styles. The analysis of the preferences was performed in three ways: intra-group and inter-groups variabilities were computed as well as the variability due to the musical style. The results can be summarized as follows: as far as a group judgment is possible in one or another culture (intra-group agreement), the preferences of two culturally different groups do not contrast as long as the judgment concerns rather simple objects; the degree of inter-cultural agreement, far from increasing with musical competence, decreases. On the other hand, the judgments of more complex pieces show an agreement only in groups with musical skill and, in this case, the preference of Japanese and French musicians are contrasting. Finally, it is pointed out that a minimal attractiveness of the material presented is necessary to obtain from the subjects valid comparisons instead of artificial.     

LA FONCTION PSYCHOMÉTRIQUE DES ÉNIGMES TRADITIONELLES AFRICAINES

Within the context of the problems raised by the use of tests in Africa, this study attempts to demonstrate how traditional practices can improve the situation, by proposing that enigmas be used as a psychometric instrument. In fact, this well known and widely used game in Africa is one of the major components of the oral tradition and as such, performs various important functions, as, for instance, the acquisition and evaluation of basic knowledge and vocabulary, while favoring the acquisition of a sense of competition in children. Presenting a new outlook on the practice of this traditional game in the African milieu, this paper describes the process by which the author, through many experimental studies carried out in Zaïre, is attempting to build a test measuring creativity.     

PERCEPTION D'EXPRESSIONS FACIALES ÉMOTIONNELLES ET LÉSION CÉRÉBRALE: INFLUENCE DE LA NETTETÉ DU STIMULUS

Fourty right-handed brain-damaged subjects (20 left- and 20 right-injured; 8 patients with a visual field defect in each group) were submitted to a matching task of facial expressions under various conditions of photographic clearness. Results indicate that right-damaged subjects, particularly with a visual field defect, produce the lowest performances, although this defect appears only if the stimuli are not too foggy. Our data on neurological subjects agree thus with the literature on normal subjects indicating that the right brain (of normal subjects) is more involved in visual processing of emotional aspects of a face than the left brain. These facts suggest also that this asymmetry appears only under the everyday life conditions of visual clearness.     

DÉPENDANCE-INDÉPENDANCE À L'ÉGARD DU CHAMP ET RÉSOLUTION DE SYLLOGISMES LINÉAIRES*

A formal analysis of a set of linear syllogisms led the author to a definition of two factors involved in the construction of these syllogisms: (a) a logical factor linking the two premises (I, identical relation; R, reciprocal relation), (b) a linguistic factor concerning the formulation of the premises (affirmative or negative propositions). Thirty-six French adolescents were given a set of 48 problems in which the logical and the linguistic factors were combined in the same proportion. These subjects were of equal ability with regard to the functioning of the formal operatory systems, but of different abilities with respect to field dependence–independence. The results show a significant correlation between latencies and field dependence–independence. The analysis of this correlation leads to the conclusion that the restructuration processes worked more slowly in the dependent subjects than in the independent subjects. It appears from the analysis of the results that the differences observed in the subjects' reasoning processes may be interpreted in terms of mobility of intellectual operations.     

L'INFLUENCE DE L'ATTENTE DE L'EXPÉRIMENTATEUR APPLIQUÉE A UNE ÉTUDE SUR LTDENTITÉ NATIONALE EN OUGANDA

An opportunity was taken of using Rosenthal's Experimenter-Expectancy effect not only to demonstrate its existence in a new setting, but also to elucidate aspects of group identity among the Baganda of Uganda. Baganda secondary pupils were read four Hsts of identical numbers, merely reshuffled within each list, and asked to write them down and find an average for each. They were told the lists represented exam scores for students drawn respectively from Ankole, Buganda, Northerners and Uganda. The average calculated by Baganda pupils was lower when attributed to Northerners than when associated with the other groups. They did not attribute higher average marks to their own group than for the National group. It is recommended that the positive regard the Baganda may have for the concept Ugandans, be emphasised together with adding the idea that Northerners are also Ugandans.     

SENTIMENT D'AUTO-EFFICACITÉ ET EXERCICE DES PROCESSUS D'AUTORÉGULATION CHEZ DES ÉTUDIANTS DE NIVEAU COLLÉGIAL*

This study examines the influence of self-efficacy on the self-regulatory mechanisms exercised during a verbal concept formation task. High or low-self-efficacy is experimentally induced among sixty four college students who subsequently have to solve, aloud, different problems of concept formation. Self-regulation was examined based on the utilization of the cognitive strategies required to solve the task, the monitoring strategies applied over the cognitive enterprise and the metacognitive experiences emerging along the resolution. Both groups exhibite similar cognitive strategies, yet some of their monitoring strategies and metacognitive experiences are affected by their self-efficacy judgments. The nature of self-efficacy should be considered when studying the relationship between metacognitive knowledge and self-regulation as applied during the task resolution.     

Étude piagétienne de quelques notions spatio-temporelles dans un milieu africain1

Plusieurs problèmes portant sur la notion de temps ont été posés à une population rurale de la Côte-d'Ivoire. Les situations expérimentales comportaient divers déplacements de personnes ou d'objets. Au sujet de ces déplacements, on posait des questions de durée, de vitesse et d'espace parcouru. Des solutions correctes nécessitaient une mise en relation coordonnée de ces trois paramètres. La méthode d'interrogatoire critique utilisée conduit à une analyse détaillée des arguments explicitant les réponses des sujets. Les résultats montrent que des hommes sans scolarisation et des adolescents scolarisés parviennent à une bonne compréhension des problèmes posés, tandis que des femmes et des adolescents sans scolarisation n'accèdent pas à la réussite. Les faits obtenus soulèvent le problème de la comparaison de deux milieux culturels (Genève-Côte-d'Ivoire) scolarisés et non scolarisés, quant à une influence sur le système conceptuel. Uno discussion finale s'efforce de montrer en quoi le recours à la théorie de Piaget pour l'interprétation des données observées peut apporter des éclaircissements sur le problème.     

SITUATIONS SOCIALES À POTENTIEL CONFLICTUEL ET CARACTÉRISTIQUES SOCIO-COGNITIVES D'ENFANTS AGRESSIFS ET REJETÉS*

Twenty aggressive and rejected children (boys and girls), twenty socially competent and popular children, and twenty children having average social skills - all of which were first and second graders attending regular school - participated in this study. All were presented on videotape with nine typical peer-conflict situations. Each child was asked about the way that he/she felt, and the way that he/she would resolve each problem situation. In addition, each child had to specify what he/she thought to be the offender's intentions in each problem situation. Several points differentiated first grade from second grade subjects. However, aggressive, socially skilled and average subjects distinguished themselves on only a few items. Differences relating to subject's sex were also scarce. Data support the view that aggressive children know as well as other children how to appropriately resolve interpersonal conflict situations. However, they do not use this knowledge because of impulsivity control problems, an inability to correctly identify others' intentions or a lack of motivation.     

Sartre and Bergson: A Disagreement about Nothingness

Abstract

Henri Bergson's philosophy, which Sartre studied as a student, had a profound but largely neglected influence on his thinking. In this paper I focus on the new light that recognition of this influence throws on Sartre's central argument about the relationship between negation and nothingness in his Being and Nothingness. Sartre's argument is in part a response to Bergson's dismissive, eliminativist account of nothingness in Creative Evolution (1907): the objections to the concept of nothingness with which Sartre engages are precisely those raised by Bergson. Even if Sartre's account of nothingness in its entirety is found to be flawed, I argue that the points he makes specifically against Bergson are powerful.

My discussion concludes with a brief examination of the wider philosophical background to Sartre's and Bergson's discussion of nothingness: here I point to some important aspects of Sartre's early philosophy, including some features of his conception of nothingness, that may testify to Bergson's positive influence on his thought.     

Construction et Validation de l'Échelle de Motivation pour les Personnes Âgées (EMPA)

Le but de cet article consiste à présenter les résultats de quatre études ayant pour objectif de construire et valider un nouvel instrument mesurant la motivation des personnes âgées vis-à-vis les activités importantes de leur vie, soit l'échelle de Motivation pour les Personnes Âgées (EMPA). L'EMPA est formée de quatre sous-échelles mesurant la motivation intrinsèque, la motivation extrinsèque autodéterminée, la motivation extrinsèque non-autodéterminée et l'amotivation, et ce dans six domaines de vie jugés importants par les personnes âgées: la santé, la religion, les informations, les loisirs, les relations interpersonnelles et les besoins biologiques. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats révèlent que l'EMPA possède une cohérence interne élevée ainsi qu'une stabilité temporelle satisfaisante. En plus, la validité de l'EMPA a été soutenue par: (1) l'existence d'un pattern de corrélations de type simplex entre les quatre sous-échelles, (2) des corrélations significatives entre les réponses des personnes âgées et l'évaluation des intervieweures quant à la motivation des personnes âgées et enfin (3) par des analyses de tests-t qui révèlent, en accord avec la théorie de Deci et Ryan (1985), que les personnes âgées qui se perçoivent très autodéterminées dans leur centre d'accueil ont des pointages plus élevés sur les sous-échelles de motivation intrinsèque et de motivation extrinsèque autodéterminée, mais des pointages plus faibles sur les sous-échelles de motivation extrinsèque non-autodéterminée et d'amotivation, que celles qui se perçoivent comme étant peu autodéterminées. Les présents résultats démontrent donc, du moins dans un premier temps, la validité et la fidélité de l'EMPA. Celle-ci semble donc prěte à ětre utilisée en recherche auprès des personnes âgées. A cet effet, on suggère un certain nombre de pistes pour les recherches futures quant à son utilisation dans ce secteur.     

Bergson and the holographic theory of mind

Bergson’s model of time (1889) is perhaps the proto-phenomenological theory. It is part of a larger model of mind (1896) which can be seen in modern light as describing the brain as supporting a modulated wave within a holographic field, specifying the external image of the world, and wherein subject and object are differentiated not in terms of space, but of time. Bergson’s very concrete model is developed and deepened with Gibson’s ecological model of perception. It is applied to the problems of consciousness, direct realism, qualia and illusions. The model implies an entirely different basis for memory and cognition, and a brief overview is given for the basis of direct memory, compositionality and systematicity.     

Henri Bergson: Evolution,time and philosophy

Evolutionary theory is hindered by the conflict between the apparently antagonistic principles of its two founding figures, Darwin and Lamarck. Bergson's Creative Evolution outlines the means of transcending this impasse. If the evolutionary process is conceived as enduring then the atomistic model of static genetic states is never fully realisable. In the light of this, Bergson considers the germ‐plasm to be essentially “fluid.” If there is to be influence on the germ‐line it will be primarily in terms of the manner in which the genetic data is unfolded. In order to designate this influence Bergson introduces the concept of the “tendency.” The tendency will be explicated in relation to contemporary evolutionary biology. However, as the concept signifies that which is given only in the duration in which information is elaborated, it is precluded from representation. Bergson demonstrates that it is the evolutionary principle of continuous transformation which constitutes the limit to any scientific of view. For this reason, science needs to be complemented by a philosophical account of the duration of process.     

The Temporality of Life: Merleau‐Ponty,Bergson, and the Immemorial Past

Borrowing conceptual tools from Bergson, this essay asks after the shift in the temporality of life from Merleau‐Ponty's Phénoménologie de la perception to his later works. Although the Phénoménologie conceives life in terms of the field of presence of bodily action, later texts point to a life of invisible and immemorial dimensionality. By reconsidering Bergson, but also thereby revising his reading of Husserl, Merleau‐Ponty develops a nonserial theory of time in the later works, one that acknowledges the verticality and irreducibility of the past. Life in the flesh relies on unconsciousness or forgetting, on an invisibility that structures its passage.     

Inheritance,Originality and the Will: Bergson and Heidegger on Creation

Abstract

In the work of Henri Bergson and Martin Heidegger we find different responses to traditional ideas of ‘creation’. Bergson advances a philosophy of creation, wherein ‘creation’ is presented as the production of a ‘radical’ or ‘absolute’ novelty, not only in art, but in all forms of human experience and biological life. Heidegger, in contrast, comes to criticise ideas of ‘creation’ in art as the expression of an alienated ‘humanism’ and ‘subjectivism’ essential to the modern age. This paper illuminates this divergence by showing how Bergson and Heidegger, despite appearances, grapple with the question of art-production – and with the attendant issues of inheritance and originality – in similar ways. It is only in recognising this proximity, I argue, that it is possible to perceive adequately what essentially distinguishes their approaches: Bergson’s conception of creation as a function of the will.     

Humor as an Optics: Bergson and the Ethics of Humor

Although the ethics of humor is a relatively new field, it already seems to have achieved a consensus about ethics in general. In this paper, I implicitly (1) question the view of ethics that stands behind many discussions in the ethics of humor; I do this by explicitly (2) focusing on what has been a chief preoccupation in the ethics of humor: the evaluation of humor. Does the immoral content of a joke make it more or less humorous? Specifically, I analyze whether a sexist joke is more humorous because of its sexism. Contra recent trends in the ethics of humor, I answer this question affirmatively. To this end, the paper presents a detailed and novel reading of Bergson's philosophy of humor, which I argue connects most easily and significantly to the alternate view of ethics I have in mind.