Measurement of Social Freedom: The Starkweather Social Conformity Test Revised (SSCT-R)

Freedom to conform or not to conform to peer choices is one of the traits of a child with high creative potential. The Starkweather Social Conformity Test-Revised is described and compared to the original test. The Starkweather Social Conformity Test-Revised is useful for determining conformity, nonconformity, and freedom of young children when they are given the opportunity to make a book based on their personal preferences or on the preferences of pictures chosen for their friends. The test is individually administered; it may be given to a child who is involved in a group or to a child in a therapeutic setting.     

拓展后的GGUM在LOT-R中的适用性分析

该研究对拓广等级展开模型（GGUM）进行了拓展,取消GGUM中关于主观反应类别阈限对称的假设,并将拓展之后的新模型和GGUM同时用于生活取向测验修订版（LOT-R）的被试反应数据分析,采用新编的单项目、两项目对和三项目组χ2/df计算程序计算和比较新模型和GGUM在该测验数据上的拟合差异。结果显示,新编程序与Stark等人开发的MODFIT程序具有同样的有效性,新模型在这些指标上的值显著小于GGUM,并且均小于3,表明新模型较GGUM更适合于分析LOT-R的反应数据,说明新模型更适用于分析具有多个评定等级的人格测验数据。根据以上结果,该研究认为,未来人格测验的数据分析应该使用没有对主观反应类别阈限进行对称限定的新拓展的模型更合理。     

Gender Bias in the Measurement of Workaholism

Past research suggests gender differences in workaholism might be due to differences in how men and women respond to the item content in workaholism measures. Using item response theory differential item functioning, we show women are less likely to report some workaholism items, leading to contamination. Specifically, women are less likely to report spending more time at work than other activities, and staying at work longer than others. We speculate that societal norms and practical restrictions on women's time results in lower endorsement rates for these items compared to men, and thus underestimates their workaholism. Results contradict past findings that men and women are similar in regard to workaholism and suggest women are in fact higher in workaholism than men. Limitations and future directions are discussed.     

青少年多维自我控制量表的编制及信效度检验

编制与多维自我控制理论相适应的,用于测量中国青少年多维自我控制的量表并检验其信、效度。通过查阅文献、专家评估等方式形成初测问卷; 以初中生和高中生为被试,选取1424名被试进行初测,681名被试正式施测。主动性自我控制量表包含情绪调节、目标维持和自我控制策略3个维度,抑制性自我控制量表包含注意力控制、冲动控制和情绪控制3个维度。两个量表均具有良好的结构效度、效标关联效度和信度。综上所述,青少年多维自我控制量表中的主动性、抑制性自我控制量表均符合测量学标准,可用于评估中国青少年的自我控制能力。     

托幼机构教育质量评价中评委偏差的多侧面Rasch分析

采用多侧面Rasch模型对28位评委在托幼机构教育质量评价中的评委偏差进行了分析。分析结果显示：28名评委评分宽严度差异显著;3名评委内部一致性较差,其余25名评委内部一致性较稳定;评委与评价班级的交互作用不显著,与评价项目的交互作用显著。研究结果表明MFRM可以对托幼机构教育质量评价的评委偏差进行个体层面的具体分析,从项目反应理论的视角为托幼机构教育质量评价的评委针对性培训、评估评委的合格性从而建立合格评委库等提供现代教育、心理测量学依据。     

Repeated Measurement of the Components of Attention With Young Children Using the Attention Network Test: Stability,Isolability, Robustness,and Reliability

The current study examined the robustness, stability, reliability, and isolability of the attention network scores (alerting, orienting, and executive control) when young children experienced repeated administrations of the child version of the Attention Network Test (ANT; Rueda et al., 2004 Rueda , M. R. , Fan , J. , McCandliss , B. D. , Halparin , J. D. , Gruber , D. B. , Lercari , L. P. , … Posner , M. I. ( 2004 ). Development of attentional networks in childhood . Neuropsychologia , 42 , 1029 – 1040 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Ten test sessions of the ANT were administered to 12 young children. Participants were asked to indicate the direction of a target fish, flanked by distractors, presented either above or below the fixation cross following different types of visual cues. Network scores, reflecting alerting, orienting, and executive control, were calculated using orthogonal subtractions of performance in selected conditions. Only the alerting network scores remained highly significant across the 10 sessions. The executive network scores showed some practice effects. The reliability of the network scores remained poor regardless of the amount of data. Based on the results, use of the ANT is cautioned against in young children when repeated testing is required.     

Using Personality Item Characteristics to Predict Single‐Item Internal Reliability,Retest Reliability,and Self–Other Agreement

The use of reliability estimates is increasingly scrutinized as scholars become more aware that test–retest stability and self–other agreement provide a better approximation of the theoretical and practical usefulness of an instrument than its internal reliability. In this study, we investigate item characteristics that potentially impact single‐item internal reliability, retest reliability, and self–other agreement. Across two large samples (N = 6690 and N = 4396), two countries (Estonia and The Netherlands), and two personality inventories (the NEO PI‐3 and the HEXACO‐PI‐R), results show that (i) item variance is a strong predictor of self–other agreement and retest reliability but not of single‐item internal reliability; (ii) item variance mediates the relations between evaluativeness and self–other agreement; and (iii) self–other agreement is predicted by observability and item domain. On the whole, weak relations between item length, negations, and item position (indicating effects of questionnaire length) on the one hand, and single‐item internal reliability, retest reliability, and self–other agreement on the other, were observed. In order to increase the predictive validity of personality scales, our findings suggest that during the construction of questionnaire items, researchers are advised to pay close attention especially to item variance, but also to evaluativeness and observability. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology     

The Traditional Regression Model for Measuring Test Bias is Incorrect and Biased Against Minorities

For 25 years psychologists have measured systematic measurement bias in terms of regression lines. According to this traditional approach a test is an unbiased predictor of a criterion for all subgroups if all subgroups have identical Y regression lines (i.e., identical slopes and identical Y intercepts). This paper shows that the traditional model is fundamentally incorrect and identical Y regression lines are not expected to occur with an unbiased test in a testing situation in which one group score lower than another group on both the test and criterion. This is the case even if the test is perfectly reliable. The traditional model for measuring bias actually results in a consistent error or bias against groups which score lower than average on both the test and criterion. In practice this bias operates against minority groups. Tests now thought to be unbiased or even biased in favor of minority groups may in fact be biased against minority groups. A new model of test bias, which is based solely on measurement principles, is briefly introduced. In this model unbiased tests produce groups with identical test-criterion common-factor axes having a slope of S _YC/S _XC and with each axis intersecting the group centroids.     

Reliability and validity of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List - Revised

A recent factor analysis of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) changed the Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility scales from bipolar to unipolar scales and added two new scales: Positive Affect and Sensation Seeking. Internal reliability of the MAACL-R scales, computed for normal and patient samples, was adequate for state and trait forms except for Sensation Seeking. Test-retest reliability in college students was higher for the trait form with retest intervals of from 2 to 8 weeks than for the state form with retest intervals of from 2 to 5 days. The pattern of correlations among self-, peer, and counselor ratings and the MAACL-R scales for normal and patient samples indicates improved discriminant validity and equally good convergent validity as the old scales. The use of standard scores that are indexed to the number of items checked reduced scale intercorrelations by controlling the acquiescence set.The financial support of the Weldon Springs Endowment Fund, University of Missouri at Kansas City, toward the completion of this research project is gratefully acknowledged.     

A Norwegian version of the Obsessive‐Compulsive Inventory–Revised: Psychometric properties

Solem, S., Hjemdal, O., Vogel, P.A. & Stiles, T.C. (2010). A Norwegian version of the Obsessive‐Compulsive Inventory–Revised: Psychometric properties. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 51, 509–516. The aims of this study were to test the psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Obsessive‐Compulsive Inventory–Revised (OCI‐R). The study included a student/community control sample (N = 1167) and a clinical sample (N = 72) with a diagnosis of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). The results indicated a good fit for the six‐factor structure of the OCI‐R. The mean scores and standard deviations were similar to that of studies from other countries as was the internal consistency. The OCI‐R scores were significantly higher in the OCD sample compared to the control sample. All the subscales, except hoarding, were significant predictors of obsessive‐compulsive severity, and the OCI‐R subscales seemed to be in agreement with the different subtypes of OCD according to DSM‐IV. The OCI‐R showed meaningful correlations with measures related to obsessive compulsive symptoms. As expected, it showed the strongest correlation with the Yale‐Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, followed by measures of worry, anxiety, and depression. In summary, the Norwegian OCI‐R showed adequate psychometric properties suggesting it could be a suitable measure of obsessive‐compulsive symptoms.     

The Flexible Correction Model: Bias Correction Guided by Naïve Theories of Bias

Psychological researchers have examined a broad array of biases and shortcomings of social perceivers. Less attention has been paid to how people react when they become concerned about the possibility of bias and attempt to correct or overcome the potential for bias. An early approach was to think of bias correction as “subtracting” information or reactions that are identified as coming from the biasing factor instead of the target. An alternative approach is to conceptualize bias correction as guided by social perceivers' naïve theories or perceptions of the bias at work. The subtraction theories were designed to deal with the assimilative biases typical of early priming experiments, but theory‐based corrections can readily deal with either assimilative or contrastive biases. We describe both types of correction theories, with a focus on the empirical support for theory‐based correction (and especially for the Flexible Correction Model). We also identify future directions for research on theory‐based correction.     

A Cross‐Cultural Test of the Value–Attitude–Behavior Hierarchy

According to Homer and Kahle's (1988 ) cognitive hierarchy model, values indirectly influence behavior through attitudes. The model posits that the influence theoretically flows from more abstract cognitions to mid‐range cognitions to specific behaviors. This paper tests the cross‐cultural validity of the model across samples from Brazil, New Zealand, and South Africa. The paper specifically tests whether environmental attitudes would completely mediate the influence of both altruistic and self‐enhancement values on ecological behavior. This study also extended the model by including perceived threats from environmental problems. Supporting the expanded model, environmental attitudes fully mediated the influence of both values and perceived environmental threat on ecological behavior. This article provides empirical support for using the cognitive hierarchy model across cultures.     

An Analysis of the Dimensionality and Reliability of the Lennox and Wolfe Revised Self-Monitoring Scale

The Lennox and Wolfe (1984) Revised Self-Monitoring Scale (RSMS) was analyzed, using confirmatory factor analysis procedures, to investigate the scale's dimensionality and reliability. The results revealed that the predicted two-factor correlated structure was the best representation of the four models examined. Coefficient alpha estimates of internal consistency and construct reliability estimates also revealed a reasonable pattern of reliability. However, a number of the factor loadings were low, which may account for the low shared variance estimates for the two factors. Additional correlational tests revealed only minimal overlap between the RSMS and the 25-item original (Snyder, 1974) and 18-item revised version of Snyder and Gangestad's (1986) Self-Monitoring Scale (SMS).     

道德困境决策中的忽略偏差:现象与测量

道德困境决策中的忽略偏差效应是指在道德困境中,当作为和不作为都会造成消极结果的情况下,个体认为作为导致的消极结果比不作为导致的消极结果更不道德,从而使人们在道德决策时更倾向于不作为的现象。由于传统道德决策研究范式存在义务论决策倾向性和一般性不作为反应倾向相混淆的局限,道德困境决策中的忽略偏差效应尚未做进一步探索。本文梳理了道德困境决策中忽略偏差效应的表现,通过CNI模型提出甄别和测量道德困境决策中忽略偏差效应的策略:创设研究情景; 分离不作为倾向性和忽略偏差效应; 综合探索忽略偏差效应的群体和个体特征。针对CNI模型的局限性,结合CAN算法和漂移扩散模型对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Authoritarianism,Anger, and Hostile Attribution Bias: A Test of Affect Displacement

Past research has supported the hypothesis that the relationship between harsh childhood punishment and adult political attitudes is due to the displacement of negative emotions that arise onto punitive public policies, e.g., support for the death penalty (Milburn, Conrad, Sala, & Carberry, 1995). Cognitions associated with childhood punishment may also impact adult political attitudes, yet their effects have not yet been examined, despite research that shows that punitive childhood experiences increase the tendency to attribute hostility to others. Thus, we investigated whether the tendency to make hostile attributions about others' behavior influences a person's authoritarianism, controlling for their parents' political orientation. Respondents completed an online survey concerning their childhood punishment experiences, their parents' political orientation, their trait anger, their level of hostile attribution bias (HAB), and their authoritarianism. Multiple regression analyses and structural equation modeling (SEM) found that higher childhood punishment has a significant direct effect on higher levels of authoritarianism, even after controlling for parents' political orientation, and that trait anger and HAB appear to mediate the effects of childhood punishment experiences on authoritarianism,. These results support the process of affect displacement as an important influence on adult punitiveness and political orientation.     

内隐联想测验：信度、效度及原理

内隐联想测验（Implicit Association Test）是一种评估个体对两个概念的自动化联系强度的间接测量方法,近年来被广泛应用于内隐社会认知研究。有很多证据显示,较之于外显测验,IAT能为研究提供更多新的信息,但其信度、效度指标都有待改善,而且不同学者对其测验原理仍有不同解释。因此,研究者对IAT的应用及对其结果的解释需持谨慎态度。另外,文章还简单介绍了IAT数据处理的新方法和一些IAT的变式。