辩证思维降低攻击性倾向

辩证思维是一套根据变化原则、矛盾原理和整体论原理看待世界的思维模式。本研究从思维模式对攻击性影响的角度出发, 采用相关研究及启动范式探讨辩证思维对攻击性的影响。研究一是一个相关研究, 结果显示, 辩证思维与攻击性呈显著负相关。在研究二和研究三中, 操纵了辩证思维。在研究二中, 在启动被试的辩证思维后, 与控制组相比, 他们的攻击性行为倾向显著降低。在研究三中, 对控制组的指导语进行了修改并且增加了启动效应检查程序, 也获得了与研究二类似的结果, 即实验组被试的辩证思维量表得分显著提高, 而攻击性量表得分和攻击性行为倾向显著降低。通过中介效应分析, 也发现启动操作对攻击性的影响是通过增加辩证思维程度实现的。以上系列研究表明, 辩证思维可以降低攻击性行为倾向。     

Cognitive Response Repertoires to Child Noncompliance by Mothers of Aggressive Boys

Cognitive response repertoires to videotaped child noncompliance episodes were examined in mothers of aggressive (MAs) and nonaggressive 4–6-year-old boys. Mothers provided open-ended solutions to three subtypes of child noncompliance under conditions of time pressure, or after they waited for 15 s to consider alternatives. Solutions were coded as assistance/facilitation, coercion, deference, or explanation/clarification. Compared with controls, MAs offered fewer explanation/clarification responses, more coercive responses, and fewer unique solutions during pressured responding. Two to 6 weeks later, mothers were videotaped while participating with their sons in a challenging block-building task. Maternal responses to the vignettes predicted conflict escalation during block building, even after rates of concurrent and past child noncompliance were partialled out. Implications for parent-training models are considered.     

Sensory Integration and Response to Balance Perturbation in Overweight Physically Active Individuals

The purpose of this study was to compare sensory integration and response to balance perturbation between physically active normal weight and overweight adults. Physically active young adults were grouped into normal weight (n = 45) or overweight (n = 17) according to the World Health Organization body mass index classification for Asian adults. Participants underwent two balance tests: sensory organization and motor control. Overweight participants presented marginally lower somatosensory score compared to normal weight participants. However, they scored significantly higher in response to balance perturbation. There was no difference in the onset of participants' active response to balance perturbation. Physical activity might have contributed to improved muscle strength and improved the ability of overweight individuals to maintain balance.     

Preschoolers Use Trait-Relevant Information to Evaluate the Appropriateness of an Aggressive Response

The tendency for 3- to 5-year-old children to use trait-relevant information about other people when evaluating aggressive responses to ambiguous behavior was examined across two studies (N = 81). Children were more likely to endorse the use of aggression against a "mean" versus a "nice" story character. Additionally, they were more likely to endorse the use of aggression against a story character who feels happy rather than sad when bad things happen to other kids. These findings suggest that, as early as preschool, trait-relevant information about other people can serve as a tool with which children evaluate the appropriateness of aggression in response to ambiguous behavior. Moreover, these findings provide evidence that even before the onset of formal schooling, trait and mental state information can influence social judgments.     

The Effect of Social-Comparison Feedback on Aggressive Responses to Erotic and Aggressive Films1

A study assessed the effects of social-comparison cues and filmed violence on aggression toward women. Under the auspices of validating some film clips for use in future research, males viewed either erotic, violent sexual, or violent nonsexual films. A male confederate provided social comparison feedback by indicating (or not indicating) that the film degraded women. Self-reports of sexual arousal, affective responses to the films, perceptions of violence, perceptions of pornography, and perceptions of portrayal of women were measured. In a purportedly unrelated learning experiment, males were given the opportunity to aggress toward a female confederate through electric shock. Intensity and duration of shock were measured. Social comparison information caused reductions in self-reports of sexual arousal, affect, and increased perceptions of violence in the erotic film condition only. Social-comparison information caused males to rate the depiction of women as more negative in both the erotic and violent nonsexual conditions. Regardless of film type, social comparison information caused a reduction in perceived realism of the films. Only film condition affected perceptions of pornography, with greater sexual content judged as more pornographic. Social-comparison information reduced the intensity of shocks delivered. Finally, social-comparison information led to reduced duration of shock in all film conditions; however, this effect appeared to dissipate in the violent sexual condition. Implications are discussed.     

Differential Associations Between Perceived and Objective Measurement of Distress Tolerance in Relation to Antiretroviral Treatment Adherence and Response Among HIV-Positive Individuals

The present study sought to extend prior work, showing an association between self-reported distress tolerance and self-reported antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence, by conducting a multimethod test of the association between distress tolerance and objective measures of ART adherence among a sample of 140 individuals (23.6% female) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Findings indicated that, after accounting for negative affectivity and ART side-effect severity, distress tolerance was significantly associated with pill count adherence as well as viral load. Specifically, a differential association was observed whereby self-reported distress tolerance was associated with pill count adherence, whereas behavioral distress tolerance was associated with viral load. Importantly, no associations were observed between either measure of distress tolerance and CD4 count. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of both behavioral and perceived distress tolerance assessment among patients with HIV as well as potential clinical implications related to the integration of distress tolerance-focused treatments into existing interventions for individuals with HIV.     

高低特质攻击个体对威胁面部表情识别的差异研究——来自ERP的证据

为揭示高特质攻击个体对愤怒、恐惧威胁面部表情识别的特点及其电生理机制，本研究采用Buss-Perry攻击问卷选取高低特质攻击个体26名和27名为被试，采用面孔识别范式对高低特质攻击个体识别威胁面部表情时的ERP差异进行研究。结果发现，在愤怒、恐惧表情上，高特质攻击组在N170成分的潜伏期都显著短于低特质攻击组；在愤怒、恐惧表情上，高特质攻击组在P200成分的波幅都显著高于低特质攻击组。这表明高特质攻击个体对愤怒、恐惧威胁面部表情的识别具有高度敏感性，这种敏感性体现在面部表情识别的早期和中期阶段，而非晚期阶段，即高特质攻击个体在早期的前注意阶段就对愤怒、恐惧威胁面部表情进行优先注意；在中期的注意阶段，高特质攻击个体可以很好地确认愤怒、恐惧威胁面部表情。     

Neighborhood Deprivation during Early Childhood and Conduct Problems in Middle Childhood: Mediation by Aggressive Response Generation

The tremendous negative impact of conduct problems to the individual and society has provided the impetus for identifying risk factors, particularly in early childhood. Exposure to neighborhood deprivation in early childhood is a robust predictor of conduct problems in middle childhood. Efforts to identify and test mediating mechanisms by which neighborhood deprivation confers increased risk for behavioral problems have predominantly focused on peer relationships and community-level social processes. Less attention has been dedicated to potential cognitive mediators of this relationship, such as aggressive response generation, which refers to the tendency to generate aggressive solutions to ambiguous social stimuli with negative outcomes. In this study, we examined aggressive response generation, a salient component of social information processing, as a mediating process linking neighborhood deprivation to later conduct problems at age 10.5. Participants (N = 731; 50.5 % male) were drawn from a multisite randomized prevention trial that includes an ethnically diverse and low-income sample of male and female children and their primary caregivers followed prospectively from toddlerhood to middle childhood. Results indicated that aggressive response generation partially mediated the relationship between neighborhood deprivation and parent- and teacher-report of conduct problems, but not youth-report. Results suggest that the detrimental effects of neighborhood deprivation on youth adjustment may occur by altering the manner in which children process social information.     

Aggressive Reactions to Frustration in Relation to the Individual Level of Extrapunitiveness

Thirty-six Jewish adolescents were classified according to three levels of Extrapunitiveness based on their Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration (P-F) Study scores. After reading an anti-Semitic communication, one half of the Ss from each level was permitted direct written retaliation (catharsis), while the other half was denied retaliation (non catharsis). The most important result indicated that a linear relationship between Extrapunitiveness and outward reported aggressiveness was obtained. Also, cathartic Ss were significantly less aggressive on an attitude scale than the non-cathartic Ss. Interpretations, other than true retaliatory catharsis, could account for this last result, among them the cathartic role of writing behavior.     

A Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior

The Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior is based on Source Publications provided by ASCA (Automatic Subject Citation Alert) from the ISI (Institute for Scientific Information∥, 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A. Telephone (215) 386–0100. The following key words are used in weekly computer searches of nearly 5,800 science, technical, and social science journals from around the world: Attack, Fight, Dominant, Aggression, Violence, Agonistic, Hostility, Anger Articles are drawn from ISI Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Current Contents. Journals surveyed include the following general areas: Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Science Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences Medical and Life Sciences Physical and Chemical Sciences Social and Behavioral Sciences Full texts of articles may be obtained from ISI's Genuine Article, which supplies tear sheets or photocopies.     

A Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior

The Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior is based on Source Publications provided by ASCA (Automatic Subject Citation Alert) from the ISI (Institute for Scientific Information∥, 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A. Telephone (215) 386–0100. The following key words are used in weekly computer searches of nearly 5,800 science, technical, and social science journals from around the world: Attack, Fight, Dominant, Aggression, Violence, Agonistic, Hostility, Anger Articles are drawn from ISI Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Current Contents. Journals surveyed include the following general areas: Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Science Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences Medical and Life Sciences Physical and Chemical Sciences Social and Behavioral Sciences Full texts of articles may be obtained from ISI's Genuine Article, which supplies tear sheets or photocopies.     

A Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior

The Guide to the Literature on Aggressive Behavior is based on Source Publications provided by ASCA (Automatic Subject Citation Alert) from the ISI (Institute for Scientific Information), 3501 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A. Telephone (215) 386–0100. The following key words are used in weekly computer searches of nearly 5,800 science, technical, and social science journals from around the world: Attack, Fight, Dominant, Aggression, Violence, Agonistic, Hostility, Anger Articles are drawn from ISI Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Current Contents. Journals surveyed include the following general areas: Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Science Engineering, Technology and Applied Sciences Medical and Life Sciences Physical and Chemical Sciences Social and Behavioral Sciences Full texts of articles may be obtained from ISI's Genuine Article, which supplies tear sheets or photocopies.