样例类型与解释方式对初中生数学概率问题解决的效果

为考察样例类型与解释方式对初中生数学概率问题解决的促进作用,实验1随机选取初中生90名,比较正确样例组、正误样例组、对照组的学习效果,实验2随机选取另外90名初中生,比较有教学解释、有自我解释与无解释的正误样例组的即时与延时测试学习效果,研究发现:(1)正误样例学习效果显著好于正确样例;(2)有解释的正误样例学习效果显著好于无解释的正误样例;(3)与有教学解释的正误样例学习效果相比,有自我解释的正误样例学习效果显著且更持久。     

Social change in the aftermath of successful minority influence

This chapter describes a programme of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of successful minority influence that reverses minority and majority positions within a group. Supporting the authors' gain - loss asymmetry model of change, converging evidence suggests that loss of the majority position generates strong disidentification from the superordinate group whereas gaining the majority position does not yield comparable identification. This overall decrease in identification is associated with a general increase in hostility, reduced helpfulness, and a desire to exit the group. Thus groups may be especially fragile following internal changes in the majority - minority positions. Additional research suggests that such a pattern of reactions to majority - minority change is a specifically group phenomenon (versus aggregates of individuals) and occurs when majority - minority reversals follow the attitude change of existing group members (versus an influx of new members). New majorities will increase their identification with the group when converts provide genuine support or when their new majority position persists over time. Implications of these findings for intra-group relations in the aftermath of social change are discussed.     

Frequency pattern of alpha waves in the early stages of cerebrovascular circulation disorders]

In this study 201 EEG curves are interpreted belonging to patients suffering from incipient disturbances of the cerebral circulation. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to age (group I, 30-40 years; group II, 40-50 years; group III, 50 years and over). In group I there prevailed a rate of 11-12 alpha waves per sec., and a slower rate was hardly ever found; in group III the frequency pattern was quite different. This decreased frequency of the waves could be confirmed by statistics. We believe a direct link can be assumed to exist between a decrease in frequency and the beginning of disturbed cerebral circulation.     

Personality dimensions in two types of learning-disabled children: a Rorschach study

Children referred for psychoeducational assessment of learning disabilities (LDs) commonly receive the Rorschach test. yet little is known about the impact of LD on Rorschach response patterns. This study investigated Rorschach response patterns in two groups of 9- to 12-year-old children (n = 41) classified by their respective intellectual abilities. Another group of 9- to 12-year-olds (n = 143) served as a nonclinical comparison group. Rorschach variables indicative of personality dimensions failed to discriminate between the two LD groups. Compared to the nonclinical group, the LD group exhibited several Rorschach characteristics--including problems in perceptual accuracy, inefficient visual scanning and problem-solving strategies, and avoidance of affect-laden stimuli--having implications for successful socioemotional adaptation. Suggestions for further research are discussed.     

Dark vergence in human infants: implications for the development of binocular vision

The resting position of binocular alignment in 1- to 4-month-olds, 6- to 18-month-olds, and adults was estimated by obtaining photographic measures of interpupillary distance in total darkness. The mean dark vergence position in the adult group corresponded to a distance of approximately 100 cm, similar to a previous estimate of 120 cm (Owens and Leibowitz 1976). The mean dark vergence position in the group of 1- to 4-month-olds was approximately 25 cm and in the group of 6- to 18-month-olds was approximately 50 cm. These near dark vergence positions in infants provide strong evidence that inaccuracies in binocular fixation during early infancy are not the result of a divergence bias. The developmental implications of dark vergence, accommodative vergence, and fusional vergence for the control of binocular alignment and distance perception during infancy are discussed.     

Experience in Developing a Combined Activity and Verbal Group Therapy Program with Latency-Age Boys

Ten fundamental principles are outlined for the practice of brief, dynamic group therapy within a 10- to 20-session time limit. They include: group composition and screening; contracting for appropriate goals: facilitating rapid cohesiveness; stages of group development; building a work group atmosphere; leadership style; structural levels of focus; transference and countertransference considerations; the cotherapy relationship; and curative factors. This approach integrates recent formulations from the practice of short-term individual therapies as well as brief group approaches. Each brief group principle is contrasted with its long-term analytic group counterpart. Relevant research literature, historical roots, as well as other types of brief therapy groups are reviewed. The recent and experimental nature of these techniques is critically discussed.     

Self-concept and perception of early mother and father behavior in normal and antisocial adolescents

This study examines the self-concept and perceptions of early parental behavior in a group of 277 normal adolescents with respect to differences in age (12-18 years) and gender. A group of 30 antisocial adolescents of similar age (13-19 years) were included as a comparison group. The study was a cross-sectional questionnaire study and the Swedish translation of the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) introject and mother/father questionnaires were used as measures of self- and parental concepts. Multivariate analyses of variance show that the normal adolescent self-concept and perception of early parental behavior are positive and that there are no age or gender differences. The early behavior of the mother is perceived more positively than that of the father. A positive self-concept is related to a positive perception of the parent's early behavior. The antisocial group of adolescents shows a more autonomous and negative self-concept and more negative perception of early parental behaviors. This was true especially in the group of antisocial girls. The conclusion from the study is that there is no evidence of a chaotic self-concept or tumultuous changes in the perceptions of early parental behavior during normal adolescence, but that an antisocial way of life might be reflected in a more negative and autonomous self-concept and in more negative perceptions of early parental behavior during adolescence.     

A machine learning approach to infant distress calls and maternal behaviour of wild chimpanzees

Animal Cognition - Distress calls are an acoustically variable group of vocalizations ubiquitous in mammals and other animals. Their presumed function is to recruit help, but there has been much...     

Age patterns of childbearing: a canonical analysis

A cross-sectional study of maternal age-specific birthrates was conducted in an attempt to gain insight into age patterns of childbearing. The age specific fertility rates were considered as the dependent variable set. These 6 variables consisted of 1970 live births to women in the age groups 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and 40-44. The age-specific fertility rates were calculated for each of the 338 New York City health areas that are the sampling units. The canonical analysis used is a multivariate method of exploring these patterns which provides a means for dealing with some of the difficult analytical problems encountered. The relationships of fertility patterns with sets of variables reflecting housing, income and occupation, education and labor force participation, marital patterns, and ethnicity are explored for New York City neighborhoods. 3 dimensions of childbearing emerged with high consistency across the variable sets - roughly describable as early, middle and late fertility. The 1st pattern - high early fertility and particularly teen-age childbearing - is identified with the poorest areas of the city. The income, occupation, education and unemployment figures in these areas are consistent with a minimal preceived penalty for early childbearing. The 2nd dimension - birthrates of women ages 25-34 - identifies another distinctive group of areas. Many low income women at this age continue to bear children at moderate rates; middle income women bear the children they postponed having in the earlier years. The late childbearing group seems best understood as attributable to religious and ethnically related differences among areas. The 1st dimension is the most important for the perspective of the impact on population growth.     

The development of in-group favoritism: between social reality and group identity

This study examined how social reality restricts children's tendency for in-group favoritism in group evaluations. Children were faced with social reality considerations and with group identity concerns. Using short stories, in this experimental study, conducted among 3 age groups (6-, 8-, and 10-year-olds), the authors examined the trait attribution effects of reality constraints on eye-color differences and national group differences. The results show that the trait attributions of all age groups were restricted by the acceptance of socially defined reality. In addition, when the information about reality was not considered accurate, only the youngest children showed positive in-group favoritism. It is argued that these findings are useful in trying to reconcile some of the divergent and contrasting findings in the developmental literature on children's intergroup perceptions and evaluations.     

Attentional disengagement deficit in nondemented elderly over 75 years of age

Healthy older adults in the age range of 60-75 years are moderately deficient in visuospatial attention when central location cues are used to shift attention, but not when peripheral cues are used. In contrast, older adults with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) exhibit an attention shifting (disengagement) deficit for both central and peripheral cues. If the effects of dementia and normal aging on visuospatial attention differ qualitatively, then peripherally cued shifts of attention should be unaffected even in very old nondemented persons. to examine this possibility, subjects in six age groups (17-24, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, and 75-85 years) were tested on a visuospatial attention task. Valid, invalid and neutral location cues preceded a letter target requiring, in separate conditions, either speeded detection or discrimination. Combined costs and benefits of cue validity on reaction time (RT) increased with age in the discrimination but not in the detection task. the oldest group (75-85) showed significantly larger RT costs and benefits than the next oldest group (65-74), for both central and peripheral cues. the 75-85 year-olds were significantly slower than the 65-75 year-olds on invalid trials (costs) but not on valid trials (benefits), pointing to a disengagement deficit, as reported previously for patients with either parietal lobe damage or DAT. the results suggest that in healthy nondemented subjects of advanced age (over 75 years), visuospatial attention is affected similarly to younger patients in the early, mild stages of Alzheimer's disease.     

Insider / Outsider: Epistemological Privilege and Mothering Work

As researchers, we cannot be outside society and thus activities such as "science," or "objectivity" are striated with procedures for minimizing or celebrating the presence of the researcher in the research product. Our recognition of the situated character of scientific knowledge is the context in which questions about the researchers relation to the group she studies have arisen. The paper begins with a review of the Insider/Outsider debate which circles around the researcher's relation to those she studies. Where the researcher enters the research site as an Insider - someone whose biography (gender, race, class, sexual orientation and so on) gives her a lived familiarity with the group being researched - that tacit knowledge informs her research producing a different knowledge than that available to the Outsider - a researcher who does not have an intimate knowledge of the group being researched prior to their entry into the group. This paper describes the research issues that arise and the various strategies researchers have used to manage them. The argument then shifts to query the social boundaries implicit in the construction of research Insiders and Outsiders. Reflecting on research that explored mothering for schooling, the article shows that researchers are rarely Insiders or Outsiders. Rather, research is constructed in a relationship with many Others. The interaction of individual biography and social location shape the research relation in complex ways which undercut the common-sense translation of historical familiarity into epistemological privilege.     

提取抑制对错误记忆的影响

该研究探讨提取抑制能否减少错误记忆的发生.以自编的DRM词表为实验材料,实验1采用有意遗忘范式（有意抑制）,实验2采用部分线索效应范式（无意抑制）.实验1结果发现：关键诱饵在“记住”条件下的错误回忆成绩显著高于“遗忘”条件下的错误回忆成绩;学过项目在“记住”条件下的正确回忆成绩显著高于“遗忘”条件下的正确回忆成绩.实验2结果发现：关键诱饵在“无部分线索”条件下的错误回忆成绩显著高于“部分线索”条件下的错误回忆成绩;学过项目在“无部分线索”条件下的正确回忆成绩显著高于“部分线索”条件下的正确回忆成绩.研究结果提示：有意和无意两种提取抑制都可以降低错误记忆,结果支持基于激活与监测的双加工理论的观点.     

Disruption of reference in aging

A homogeneous sample of normal adults living in a religious order in a study of age effects on reference as a cohesive device in discourse production and comprehension. Narrative and procedural discourse were examined across various levels of complexity and stimulus/response requirements. Results indicate that significant ambiguity of reference emerges in the younger elderly group (age 64-76) in comparison to the middle-aged group (age 27 to 55), and increases markedly in the older elderly group (age 77-92). Related impairments of comprehension and cognition were also observed. These findings are interpreted to be general features of linguistic variation with advancing age. Communicative consequences of ambiguous reference are discussed.     

Abstract Thinking Increases Support for Affirmative Action

Sex Roles - Affirmative action is the proactive process of using resources to ensure that people are not discriminated against based on their group membership, such as gender or ethnicity. It is an...     

PRIOR SELECTION CAUSES BIASED ESTIMATES OF STANDARDIZED ETHNIC GROUP DIFFERENCES: SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

Assessment of standardized ethnic group differences ( d ) on predictors of job performance has become an important issue for applied psychologists. A number of studies have used an experimental design in which the predictor of interest was administered after an initial screening predictor. We examined the influence of prior selection on a first predictor on observed ds for second predictors in multiple-hurdle selection systems. Results of a Monte Carlo simulation indicate observed dson the second predictor are underestimated in the presence of prior selection on another predictor. More important, "downward bias" in observed standardized ethnic group difference is substantial (30-70%) when selection ratios are low, standardized ethnic group differences on the screening predictor are high, and when the first and second predictors correlate above .30. Researchers should consider the influence of range restriction in designing studies of ethnic group differences and comparing ds across predictors, particularly when data are collected under a multiple-hurdle design.     

Developmental changes in the responses of preterm infants to a painful stressor

The purpose of this investigation was to examine longitudinally gestational age and developmental differences in preterm infants' self-regulatory abilities in response to a painful stressor, as well as associations between behavioral and cardiovascular responses. Participants included 49 healthy premature infants. Behavioral and cardiovascular responses to a heel stick blood draw were compared between infants of 28-31 and 32-34 weeks' gestation age at birth. Both gestational age groups displayed behavioral and cardiovascular indications of stress in response to the blood draw. However, both shortly after birth and several weeks later, infants born at younger gestational ages (28-31 weeks) were more physiologically reactive. Evidence that the behavioral stress responses of 28-31 weeks' gestation age group preterm infants do not reflect their physiological responses suggests that evaluation of preterm infants' experiences and risk require assessments of both physiology and behavior. The greater stress vulnerability of the 28-31 weeks' gestation group relative to the 32-34 weeks' gestation group and the implications of this for subsequent development are discussed.     

Brain responses to lexical-semantic priming in children at-risk for dyslexia

Deviances in early event-related potential (ERP) components reflecting auditory and phonological processing are well-documented in children at familial risk for dyslexia. However, little is known about brain responses which index processing in other linguistic domains such as lexicon, semantics and syntax in this group. The present study investigated effects of lexical-semantic priming in 20- and 24-month-olds at-risk for dyslexia and typically developing controls in two ERP experiments. In both experiments an early component assumed to reflect facilitated lexical processing for primed words was enhanced in the at-risk group compared to the control group. Moreover, an N400-like response which was prominent in the control group was attenuated or absent in at-risk children. Results suggest that deficiencies in young children at-risk for dyslexia are not restricted to perceptual and lower-level phonological abilities, but also affect higher order linguistic skills such as lexical and semantic processing.     

Outpatient alcoholics view group therapy

Eight chronic alcoholic outpatients who completed six months of a biweekly therapy group returned questionnaires based on Yalom's concepts of group therapy curative factors. The questionnaire data revealed that the most helpful factors were instillation of hope, altruism, group cohesiveness, interpersonal output and universality. These results are discussed with reference to other studies using Yalom's technique.Supported by Biomedical Research Support Grant Number 2-0570260-30102, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, San Francisco, California.