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1.
Angela Potochnik 《Erkenntnis》2011,74(3):305-319
An historically important conception of the unity of science is explanatory reductionism, according to which the unity of
science is achieved by explaining all laws of science in terms of their connection to microphysical law. There is, however,
a separate tradition that advocates the unity of science. According to that tradition, the unity of science consists of the
coordination of diverse fields of science, none of which is taken to have privileged epistemic status. This alternate conception
has roots in Otto Neurath’s notion of unified science. In this paper, I develop a version of the coordination approach to
unity that is inspired by Neurath’s views. The resulting conception of the unity of science achieves aims similar to those
of explanatory reductionism, but does so in a radically different way. As a result, it is immune to the criticisms facing
explanatory reductionism. This conception of unity is also importantly different from the view that science is disunified,
and I conclude by demonstrating how it accords better with scientific practice than do conceptions of the disunity of science. 相似文献
2.
Dominika Yaneva 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2006,37(2):333-353
Summary The validity of three premises, set as foundational pillars of modern sociological approach to science, is contested, namely:
(i) the postulate, stating that science is devoid of whatever generis specifical; (ii) it is liable to the usual empirical study; (iii) the practicing scientist’s self-reflexive judgements must be disbelieved
and rejected. Contrariwise, the ignored so far quaint nature of knowledge, escaping even from the elementary empirical treating
- discernment and observation – is revealed and demonstrated. This peculiar nature requires, accordingly, a specific meta-cognitive
dealing for positing it as ‘empirical object’, unfortunately missed still by the Strong Programme. The inadequate approach
adopted led to a substitution of ‘scientific’ for common knowledge. The tacit thus far alternative, setting the foundations
of meta-science, is suggested. 相似文献
3.
Jonathan Y. Tsou 《Synthese》2010,176(3):429-445
In the 1960s and 1970s, Hilary Putnam articulated a notion of relativized apriority that was motivated to address the problem
of scientific change. This paper examines Putnam’s account in its historical context and in relation to contemporary views.
I begin by locating Putnam’s analysis in the historical context of Quine’s rejection of apriority, presenting Putnam as a
sympathetic commentator on Quine. Subsequently, I explicate Putnam’s positive account of apriority, focusing on his analysis
of the history of physics and geometry. In the remainder of the paper, I explore connections between Putnam’s account of relativized
a priori principles and contemporary views. In particular, I situate Putnam’s account in relation to analyses advanced by
Michael Friedman, David Stump, and William Wimsatt. From this comparison, I address issues concerning whether a priori scientific
principles are appropriately characterized as “constitutive” or “entrenched”. I argue that these two features need to be clearly
distinguished, and that only the constitutive function is essential to apriority. By way of conclusion, I explore the relationship
between the constitutive function a priori principles and entrenchment. 相似文献
4.
Reinwein J 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2012,41(1):1-32
The modality effect is a central issue in multimedia learning [see Mayer (Cambridge University Press, 2005a), for a review]. Sweller’s Cognitive Load Theory (CLT), for example, presumes that an illustrated text is better understood
when presented visually rather than orally. The predictive power of CLT lies in how it links in to Baddeley’s (1986) model of working memory and Penney’s (Mem Cognit 17:398–442, 1989) Separate-Streams Hypothesis. Ginns’s (Learn Instr 4:313–331, 2005) recent meta-analysis also supports the modality effect (d = 0.72, based on 43 independent effects). This article replicates the meta-analysis of the modality effect based on 86 independent
effects (with within-study subgroups as the unit of analysis and with mean of the outcomes as the dependent measure), with results showing a reduction of the overall effect size by almost half (d = 0.38), and even more when Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and Fill method is used to correct publication bias (d = 0.20). This article also widens the scope of the analysis of moderator variables (e.g. Pace of presentation, Type of visualization,
Research group) as well as their potentially confounded effects. Finally, it is argued that, for theoretical reasons, the
so-called modality effect cannot be based on Penney’s or Baddeley’s theories and must be explained in a different way. 相似文献
5.
Tara S. Behrend Becca A. Baker Lori Foster Thompson 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(3):341-350
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a pro-environmental corporate message on prospective applicants’ attitudes
toward a fictitious hiring organization. Drawing from signaling theory, we hypothesized that an environmental message on the
organization’s recruitment website would increase prospective applicants’ perceptions of organizational prestige, which would
then increase job pursuit intentions. Personal environmental attitudes were also examined as a possible moderator.
Design/Methodology/Approach Participants (N = 183) viewed a web site printout that either did or did not contain a message indicating the organization’s environmental
support. Participants rated their attitudes toward the environment, perceptions of the organization, and job pursuit intentions.
Findings Findings demonstrated that the environmental support message positively affected job pursuit intentions; further, this effect
was mediated by perceptions of the organization’s reputation. Contrary to the person–organization fit perspective, the message’s
effects on job pursuit intentions were not contingent upon the participant’s own environmental stance.
Implications These findings highlight the importance of corporate social performance as a source of information for a variety of job seekers.
Even relatively small amounts of information regarding corporate social performance can positively affect an organization’s
reputation and recruitment efforts.
Originality/Value In general, this research contributes to the growing body of literature on corporate social responsibility. It is the first
study to test whether the effects of pro-environmental recruiting messages on job pursuit intentions depend upon an applicant’s
personal environmental stance. In addition, this is the first study to demonstrate reputation’s meditational role in the effects
of corporate social responsibility on recruitment efforts. 相似文献
6.
Neal DeRoo 《Husserl Studies》2011,27(1):1-12
In 1999, Dan Zahavi’s Self Awareness and Alterity: A Phenomenological Investigation initiated a critique of the standard interpretation of the distinction between the second and third levels of Husserl’s analysis
of time-constituting consciousness. At stake was the possibility of a coherent account of self-awareness (Zahavi’s concern),
but also the possibility of prereflectively distinguishing the acts of consciousness (Brough and Sokolowski’s rebuttal of
Zahavi’s critique). Using insights gained from Husserl’s Analyses Concerning Passive Synthesis rather than the work on time-consciousness, this paper provides a new, more precise vocabulary in which to carry on the debate,
in the hopes of bringing it to a mutually satisfactory resolution. After briefly laying out the terms of the Zahavi–Brough/Sokolowski
debate (Sect. 2), I then elaborate a three-fold distinction in consciousness from the Analyses (Sect. 3) and relate that back to the issue of objectivity in the debate (Sect. 4). I end by suggesting how this three-fold model from the Analyses helps us preserve the essentially tripartite structure (as Brough and Sokolowski insist we do) while not making one of these
levels the object of another (in keeping with Zahavi’s critique) (Sect. 5). 相似文献
7.
8.
Summary This article is an investigation of parallel themes in Heinrich Hertz’s philosophy science and Kant’s theory of schemata, symbols and regulative ideas. It is argued that Hertz’s “pictures” bears close similarities to Kantian “schemata”, that is, they are rules linking concepts to intuitions and provide them with their meaning. Kant’s distinction between symbols and schemata is discussed and related to Hertz’s three pictures of mechanics. It is argued that Hertz considered his own picture of mechanics (the “hidden mass” picture) as symbolic in a different way than the force and energy pictures. In the final part of the article it is described how Harald H?ffding soon after the publication of Hertz’s Principles of Mechanics developed a general theory of analogical reasoning, relying on the ideas of Hertz and Kant. 相似文献
9.
Tom Froese 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2009,8(1):95-133
An important part of David Hume’s work is his attempt to put the natural sciences on a firmer foundation by introducing the
scientific method into the study of human nature. This investigation resulted in a novel understanding of the mind, which
in turn informed Hume’s critical evaluation of the scope and limits of the scientific method as such. However, while these
latter reflections continue to influence today’s philosophy of science, his theory of mind is nowadays mainly of interest
in terms of philosophical scholarship. This paper aims to show that, even though Hume’s recognition in the cognitive sciences
has so far been limited, there is an opportunity to reevaluate his work in the context of more recent scientific developments.
In particular, it is argued that we can gain a better understanding of his overall philosophy by tracing the ongoing establishment
of the enactive approach. In return, this novel interpretation of Hume’s ‘science of man’ is used as the basis for a consideration
of the current and future status of the cognitive sciences.
相似文献
Tom FroeseEmail: |
10.
The aim of this paper is to discuss Charles’s (2011) attempt to turn E.B. Holt’s theoretical approach into the only possible bridge to connect Gibsonian ecological psychology
with social psychology. Criticism of Charles’s claims is carried out at four different conceptual levels: historiographical,
logico-epistemological, methodological, and theoretical. From this critical perspective, Charles’s resort to Holt’s ideas
is viewed as an effort to legitimate Charles’s own line of work. Moreover, far from being this the only possible approach
to the subject, many other rich alternatives to the application of Gibsonian principles to the explanation of socio-cultural
phenomena already exist. In fact, it is questionable whether Holt’s behavioral neorealism allows dealing with many of the
most complex socio-cultural issues, particularly those related to purposive behavior and intersubjective contexts. In order
to address these questions from a Holtian point of view, Charles is forced to make a number of argumentative leaps and epistemological
transgressions. In the last analysis, his insistence on keeping to the Holtian stance leads him to lose sight of the Gibsonian
framework and to modify the very nature of his object of study, the social phenomenon—which, along the lines of classic neorealist
behaviorism, becomes reduced to a simple consideration of behavioral purposiveness. 相似文献
11.
Aaron Rizzieri 《Philosophical Studies》2011,153(2):235-242
Timothy Williamson has argued that a person S’s total evidence is constituted solely by propositions that S knows. This theory of evidence entails that a false belief can not be a part of S’s evidence base for a conclusion. I argue by counterexample that this thesis (E = K for now) forces an implausible separation
between what it means for a belief to be justified and rational from one’s perspective and what it means to base one’s beliefs
on the evidence. Furthermore, I argue that E = K entails the implausible result that there are cases in which a well-evidenced
belief necessarily can not serve as evidence for a further proposition. 相似文献
12.
Celia Kitzinger 《Human Studies》2008,31(2):179-208
This paper responds to Maria Wowk’s (Human Studies, 30, 131–155, 2007) critique of “Kitzinger’s feminist conversation analysis”, corrects her misrepresentation of it, and rebuts
her claim to have cast doubt on whether it is “genuinely identifiable” as conversation analysis (CA). More broadly, it uses
Wowk’s critique as a springboard for continuing the development of feminist conversation analysis through: (i) discussion
of appropriate methods of data collection and analysis; (ii) clarification of CA’s turn-taking model and an illustrative deployment
of it in the analysis of a single case and of a collection (of if/then compound TCUs); (iii) exposition of a feminist CA understanding
of “participants’ orientations”, and of the relevance of the distinction between participants’ and analysts’ orientations
for feminist work. Finally, I suggest that feminist work in CA makes important contributions to the development of CA as a
discipline.
相似文献
Celia KitzingerEmail: |
13.
Yelena P. Wu James P. Selig Michael C. Roberts Ric G. Steele 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(4):414-423
The vast majority of new mothers experience at least some depressive symptoms. Postpartum maternal depressive symptoms can
greatly influence children’s outcomes (e.g., emotional, cognitive, language, and social development). However, there have
been relatively few longitudinal studies of how maternal depressive symptoms may influence children’s social skills. The current
study (n = 1363) examined the trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms (from 1 month to 36 months) and whether maternal depressive
symptoms at 1 month postpartum and the change in symptoms over time (from 1 month to 3 years) predicted children’s parent-
and teacher-rated social skills when they were 4.5 and 6.0 years old. A growth curve model indicated that, on average, maternal
depressive symptoms declined over time in a nonlinear fashion. Further analyses indicated that after controlling for five
demographic factors (child sex, family income, maternal age, mother’s marital status, and maternal education), initial maternal
depressive symptoms significantly predicted children’s social skills as reported by mothers. The results support the notion
that maternal depressive symptoms during children’s infancy can have long-term associations with children’s social skills.
In addition, the results emphasize the importance of intervention and prevention efforts targeting maternal depressive symptoms
during infancy, beginning immediately postpartum. 相似文献
14.
Patricia Sheridan 《Sophia》2007,46(3):263-275
Hutcheson’s theory of morality shares far more common ground with Clarke’s morality than is generally acknowledged. In fact,
Hutcheson’s own view of his innovations in moral theory suggest that he understood moral sense theory more as an elaboration
and partial correction to Clarkean fitness theory than as an outright rejection of it. My aim in this paper will be to illuminate
what I take to be Hutcheson’s grounds for adopting this attitude toward Clarkean fitness theory. In so doing, I hope to bring
to light an otherwise unexpected continuity between moral sense theory and the moral rationalism to which it is usually opposed,
and, in so doing, draw attention to the anti-sceptical realism that lies at the heart of both accounts.
相似文献
Patricia SheridanEmail: |
15.
Chen-kuo Lin 《Dao》2008,7(4):381-392
This article argues that, as far as the problem of Confucian religiosity is concerned, there is an interpretative turn from
Mou Zongsan’s moral metaphysics to Tu Weiming’s religious hermeneutics. Some concluding remarks are made: First, Tu’s hermeneutics is rooted in the ontology of
self as interrelatedness, which is completely different from Mou’s theory of true self as transcendental subjectivity. Second,
Tu’s hermeneutics of self can be better illuminated with the help of Heidegger’s notion of Dasein as Being-with (Mitsein). For Tu and Heidegger, self cannot be seen as something separate from community. This article also points out that the paradigmatic
shift is evidenced in another similarity between the four categories of self, community, nature, and the transcendent in Tu’s
hermeneutics on the one hand, and the four symbols of earth, sky, divinities, and mortals employed by Heidegger to interpret
the meaning of dwelling, on the other. In such a primordial situation of dwelling, gods are not supposed to be intellectually known; they are rather to be neighbors in community. 相似文献
16.
Sirkku Ikonen 《Synthese》2011,179(1):187-202
My purpose in this paper is to look at Cassirer’s relation to critical philosophy from a new perspective. Most discussions
concerning Cassirer’s Kantianism have so far centered on his relation to neo-Kantianism and the Marburg school. My focus will
not be on neo-Kantianism but on Cassirer’s notion of a “critique of culture.” In an often cited paragraph from the introduction
to The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, Cassirer says that his aim is to broaden Kant’s critical approach to all various forms of culture, to language as well as
myth and art, and thus to transform the “critique of reason” into the “critique of culture.” I will explore Cassirer’s concept
of the “critique of culture” and suggest that it can best be understood by placing it in the context of early twentieth century
German philosophy. More precisely, I will aim to show that Cassirer’s critique can be seen as an effort to find a middle path
between Lebensphilosophie and the positivism of the Vienna Circle. 相似文献
17.
Mikel Burley 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2010,67(2):81-94
This paper examines Wittgenstein’s conception of absolute safety in the light of two potential problems exposed by Winch.
These are that, firstly: even if someone’s life has been virtuous so far, the contingency of its remaining so until death
vitiates the claim that the virtuous person cannot be harmed; and secondly: when voiced from a first-person standpoint, the claim to be absolutely safe due to one’s virtuousness
appears hubristic and self-undermining. I argue that Wittgenstein’s mystical conception of safety, unlike some others, requires
no claim about one’s own virtue and hence can be construed as avoiding these problems. 相似文献
18.
Eva Johansson 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2008,27(1):33-47
This article is about young children’s morality and their concern for others’ wellbeing. Questions of what the value of others’
wellbeing can signify, how this value becomes visible to children and how it is expressed in their interaction will be posed.
In this analysis, children’s commitment to others’ wellbeing is discussed in terms of two theories, namely the philosopher
Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s (1962, 1964) theory of intersubjectivity and the psychologist Martin Hoffman’s (1984, 1987, 2000)
theory of empathy. The interaction between children and adults in pre-school, drawn from different studies of morality (Johansson,
1999, 2001, 2002, 2003), constitutes the empirical basis. In the discussion, it is claimed that children’s care for others’
wellbeing can be understood in a fruitful way as experiences of, approaches to and ways of being involved in the other’s life-world
rather than as expressions of empathy.
相似文献
Eva JohanssonEmail: |
19.
Michal Al-Yagon 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(5):569-584
This study examined a cumulative model of risk/protective factors at the individual level (child’s sense of coherence; attachment
with father) and family level as manifested by fathers’ emotional resources (fathers’ negative/positive affect; attachment
avoidance/anxiety), to explain socioemotional adjustment among children age 8–12 years with or without learning disabilities
(LD). Participants were 205 father–child dyads: 107 fathers and their children with LD; 98 fathers and their non-LD children.
Preliminary analyses indicated significant group differences on all child measures. Path analysis revealed high fit between
the theoretical model and empirical findings; moreover, the model’s components revealed partially different patterns of relations
for the two populations. Thus, the current study suggested the potentially important role of fathers’ positive and negative
affect and fathers’ avoidant and anxious attachment for children’s socioemotional and behavioral adjustment and children’s
mediating variables. Discussion focused on understanding the value of these fathers’ emotional factors and their children’s
characteristics for well-adjusted functioning. 相似文献
20.
Robert Arp 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2007,38(1):19-30
Summary In the biological realm, a complete explanation of a trait seems to include an explanation in terms of function. It is natural
to ask of some trait, “What is its function?” or “What purpose in the organism does the particular trait serve?” or “What
is the goal of its activity?” There are several views concerning the appropriate definition of function for biological matters.
Two popular views of function with respect to living things are Cummins’ organizational account and the Griffiths/Godfrey-Smith
modern history account. Whereas Cummins argues that a trait functions so as to contribute to the general organization of some
organism’s present structure, Griffiths, and Godfrey-Smith argue that a trait functions because of its fitness with respect
to the organism’s recent evolutionary history. In this paper, I show how these accounts can be made compatible and compliment
one another. Given that structure, organization, operational flexibility, function, and evolutionary history are all factors
to be considered in an organism’s makeup, we should expect that the traits of an organism function the way they do because
such traits presently contribute to the overall organization of the organism (Cummins) as well as were selected for in the
organism’s species’ recent ancestry (Griffiths/Godfrey-Smith). 相似文献