Associations of blood glucose control with self-efficacy and rated anxiety/depression in type II diabetes mellitus patients

We investigated the possible relations of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, a parameter of blood glucose control with scores on anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy for 113 outpatients (55 men and 58 women) with type II diabetes mellitus. The relation between the HbA1c level and the self-efficacy scores as well as with the ratings of anxiety and depression was evaluated. A significant relation was found for the HbA1c level with the scores; however, self-efficacy and anxiety and depression showed no association. These results suggest that HbA1c can be maintained at better levels by increasing self-efficacy of diabetic patients.     

The Role of Coping Styles and Self-efficacy in the Development of Dysphoric Mood Among Nursing Students

Coping styles and self-efficacy have been recognized as important determinants of dysphoric mood. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of these two factors on depression and anxiety in Japanese students. A set of questionnaires, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale, the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), and the Self-efficacy Scale (SES) was distributed to 146 nursing students. Structural equation modelling was conducted to specify the relationships between measured variables. The HAD depression and anxiety scores were predicted by emotion-oriented coping. The HAD depression alone was predicted by avoidance-oriented coping. Self-efficacy scores predicted the emotion-oriented coping and HAD depression scores. Students’ dysphoric moods were influenced by emotional-oriented coping that mediated the effects of low self-efficacy, and self-efficacy also had a direct effect on depression.     

The relationship between self-efficacy and depression in adolescents

This study examined the self-efficacy status of depressed versus nondepressed adolescents. As predicted, self-efficacy was negatively correlated with depression. A three-way interaction of Sex x Age x Level of Depression suggested separate analyses for males and females. Regression analysis revealed age-related changes in the dependence of depression scores on general, academic, physical and social self-efficacy status. It was concluded that self-efficacy has an important relationship with adolescent depression. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Prediction of outcome with group cognitive therapy for depression

This paper tested a social-cognitive model of depressive episodes and their treatment within a predictive study of treatment response. Clinically depressed volunteers were given self-efficacy questionnaires and other measures before and after they were treated with cognitive therapy, and their progress was monitored over the succeeding 12 months. Improvements in depression during treatment were closely associated with self-efficacy regarding control of mood and with self-monitored levels of negative cognition. Remission over the following 12 months was predicted by the initial response to treatment, by a shorter duration of the episode prior to treatment, and by a post-treatment assessment of self-efficacy regarding control of negative cognition. Self-efficacy remained a significant predictor after post-treatment depression scores and episode duration were entered in a prediction equation. However, a programme of additional treatment based on the depression model did not result in improved depression status. Apart from the failure of the additional treatment, the results are consistent with a social-cognitive model of depressive episodes that emphasises the role of self-efficacy and skills regarding control of negative moods.     

Hardiness and mental health during naval deployment: The relation is mediated by social processes and not by self-regulatory processes

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating effects of cohesion and self-efficacy on the relation between hardiness and symptoms of anxiety and depression during naval international operations.Objective and methodIt was hypothesized that an indirect effect of both cohesion and operational self-efficacy would emerge even when controlling for pre-deployment measures of symptoms.ResultsThe results revealed a strong indirect effect of cohesion on the relationship between hardiness and scores on Hopkins Symptom Checklist – 25 items. The effect was evident for the total score and the dimensions of anxiety as well as depression. No effect was found for operational self-efficacy.ConclusionIt was concluded that the social process of cohesion outperforms the self-regulatory process of operational self-efficacy as a mediator between hardiness and mental health. Greater focus on developing crew cohesion may thus be important for maintaining mental health under stressful conditions.     

Patient and spouse perceptions of the patient's heart disease and their associations with received and provided social support and undermining

Numerous empirical studies have investigated the relationships between cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and patients’ psychological well-being, with a focus almost exclusively on its dark side. Very little is known on the impact of illness severity on both negative and positive indicators of patients’ well-being, as well as on the psychosocial variables that may mediate this association. Aim of the study was to investigate the impact of illness severity on depression as well as on health satisfaction and life satisfaction of patients undergoing a cardiovascular rehabilitation. It also aimed at testing the mediation of illness perception and self-efficacy beliefs in managing cardiac risk factors. The study involved 172 patients (mean age?=?66.43?years; SD?=?9.99?years; 76.2% men). Illness severity was measured in terms of left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge from the cardiology department, whereas all psychological dimensions were assessed one week later. Results showed significant relationships among illness severity, depression and health satisfaction that were fully mediated by illness perception and self-efficacy beliefs, but not significant relation between disease severity and life satisfaction (χ ²(1)?=?2.30, p?=?n.s.). Overall, findings underline the importance of working on illness perception and self-efficacy beliefs to contrast depression and to improve health and life satisfaction in patients with CVD.     

Relationship between sleep disturbance,depression and anxiety in the 12 months following a cardiac event

We aimed to assess the prevalence of sleep disturbance in a cardiac patient population over a 12-month period and assess its relationship with treatment adherence, self-efficacy, anxiety and depression. A total of 134 patients consecutively admitted to two Australian hospitals after acute myocardial infarction (31%), or to undergo bypass surgery (29%) or percutaneous coronary intervention (40%) were interviewed at six weeks and four and 12 months. Sleep disturbance was measured using a recode of the Beck Depression Inventory (v.2) item 16. Anxiety and depression were assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Sleep disturbance was highly prevalent (69%) at 6 weeks but was not associated with 12-month psychological outcomes. Path analysis revealed that sleep disturbance at 4 months was, however, associated with reduced treatment adherence and self-efficacy, and higher anxiety and depression scores at 12 months. The high prevalence of sleep disturbance in this study and its association with psychological outcomes may have adverse prognostic implications and possibly impede cardiac rehabilitation efforts.     

Depressive Symptomatology among HIV-Positive Women in the Era of HAART: A Stress and Coping Model

Objective: An enhanced stress and coping model was used to explain depression among HIV-positive women in healthcare and community settings where highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) was commonplace. Method: HIV-infected women in four cities (N=978) were assessed, cross-sectionally, for mental and physical health, stress, social support, and other background factors. Results: Self-reported level of depressive symptomatology was high. Number of physical symptoms, illness intrusiveness, and perceived stress were positively associated with depressed mood, while coping self-efficacy and social support were negatively associated. Stress mediated the effect of health status on depression and coping self-efficacy mediated the effect of psychosocial resources on depression. Our enhanced stress and coping model accounted for 52% of variance in depressive symtpomatology. Conclusions: Interventions focused on improving coping self-efficacy, bolstering social supports, and decreasing stress in the lives of HIV-positive women may help to reduce the negative effects of HIV disease on mood.     

Advancing career counseling and employment support for survivors: an intervention evaluation

The purpose of this research was to conduct a replication-based and extension study examining the effectiveness of a 5-week career group counseling intervention, Advancing Career Counseling and Employment Support for Survivors (ACCESS; Chronister, 2008). The present study was conducted in a markedly different geographic region within a larger community as compared with the original investigation conducted by Chronister and McWhirter (2006). Women survivors of intimate partner violence (N = 73) participated in ACCESS, with career-search self-efficacy, perceived career barriers, perceived career supports, anxiety, and depression assessed at preintervention, postintervention, and 8-week follow-up. Women survivors demonstrated significant improvements in career-search self-efficacy and perceived career barriers at postintervention. Moreover, these same improvements were maintained at the 8-week follow-up assessment with the addition of significant improvements in perceived future financial supports, anxiety, and depression compared with preintervention scores. This work replicates the initial findings regarding the effectiveness of ACCESS with respect to career-search self-efficacy (Chronister & McWhirter, 2006) as well as extends the initial research to include improvements in perceived career barriers and perceived career supports. Moreover, the present study extends the work to include the mental health outcomes of anxiety and depression; results demonstrated improvements in these areas at 8-week follow-up. This investigation begins to fill a critical need for evaluated career-focused interventions for the underserved population of women survivors of intimate partner violence.     

A pilot investigation of a psychosocial activity course for people with spinal cord injuries

This study investigated the general benefits and impact that sports activity courses organized by Back-Up, a charitable trust, have on quality of life, mood, self-efficacy and perceived manageability. Participants were 35 community-based individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Questionnaires were completed at the start and end of the course. Fourteen participants also completed the follow-up questionnaire. Questionnaires included demographic questions, the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, a measure of Perceived Manageability, the Generalised Self-Efficacy Scale and four questions about what participants had gained. Results found that participants' satisfaction with leisure, generalized self-efficacy and motivation to engage in activities was significantly increased between the start and end of the courses and anxiety significantly reduced. Such results were in line with participants' responses relating to overall gains from the course. At both the start and end of the course, higher Perceived Manageability scores correlated with greater self-efficacy and higher Perceived Manageability scores and self-efficacy were correlated with lower depression and anxiety. The study provides evidence of the benefits of sports participation and teamwork for people with SCI, confirming the results of previous research.     

Gender effects among undergraduates relating to suicide risk, impulsivity, aggression and self-efficacy

The present study investigated the association of impulsivity, aggression and self-efficacy with protective factors against suicide. The study population consisted of 300 Italian university students (141 males, 159 females); mean age 24.2 (SD = 3.01). Participants were assessed by means of the Reasons for Living Inventory, the Aggression Questionnaire, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Correlations between reasons for living and aggression and impulsivity scores were weak. However, for those individuals with high self-efficacy, aggression and impulsivity were associated with stronger reasons for living. These results support the possibility that increasing general self-efficacy could be a useful target for interventions directed toward suicide prevention in individuals with problems in emotional control.     

儿童期情感忽视对大学生抑郁的影响:控制感与情绪调节自我效能感的链式中介作用

为探讨儿童期情感忽视与大学生抑郁的关系,以及控制感和情绪调节自我效能感在其中的中介作用,采用儿童期创伤问卷、控制感量表、情绪调节自我效能感量表和贝克抑郁量表(第2版),对重庆市两所高校共837名大学生进行调查。结果显示:(1)儿童期情感忽视显著正向预测大学生抑郁;(2)控制感、情绪调节自我效能感在儿童期情感忽视与抑郁之间起独立中介作用;(3)控制感与情绪调节自我效能感在儿童期情感忽视与抑郁之间起链式中介作用,且情绪调节自我效能感各维度的效应皆成立。本研究考察了儿童期情感忽视对抑郁的影响及其作用机制,为家庭教养方式的改善及大学生抑郁问题的预防与干预提供了实践启示。     

Self-efficacy and depression among Iranian college students

The present study examined the correlations of depression and self-efficacy among college students. Responses of 200 college students to the Self-efficacy Scale and Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire showed that there is a negative correlation between the two sets of scores.     

Self-cognitions,stressful events,and the prediction of depression in children of depressed mothers

In a preliminary effort to integrate cognitive, life stress, and interpersonal approaches to vulnerability to depression, children's cognitions about themselves, their stressful life events, and the interaction of self-cognitions and life events were tested as predictors of depression. Children of normal, medically ill, and bipolar and unipolar depressed mothers were assessed initially and 6 months later for diagnostic status using the Kiddie-SADS interview. As predicted, Piers-Harris self-concept scores and interview-assessed children's stressful life events significantly predicted changes in depression status over the 6-month follow-up. Stressors and the interaction of stressors and self-concept also predicted changes in diagnosis of nonaffective disorders. A self-schema measure of accessibility of negative self-cognitions, known to be mood-dependent, failed to add to the prediction of depression severity. The results are consistent with a model of depression vulnerability that emphasizes cognition about self-worth and self-efficacy as mediators of the impact of stressful events, and we speculate that such self-schemas are acquired in part in the context of parent-child relationships. Recommendations are given for further studies of the acquisition and the mechanisms of self-schemas.This research was supported by an award from the William T. Grant Foundation. The assistance of Cheri Adrian, Dorli Burge, David Gordon, Donald Hiroto, Carol Jaenicke, our research staff, and cooperating agencies is gratefully acknowledged.     

An examination of the relationships among emotion management,interpersonal hassles,and depressive symptomatology

This study extended previous research by testing three models predicting depressive symptoms from emotion management (EM) and interpersonal hassles in a sample with a wide range of depression scores. Adults (n = 218) from sources including a depression internet site completed measures of interpersonal hassles, depression, and three aspects of EM (attention to, clarity of, and repair of emotions). Regression analyses supported a model in which lower clarity and repair scores and greater frequency of interpersonal hassles each contributed directly to depression scores. While lower attention to emotions was associated with fewer interpersonal hassles, it did not correlate significantly with depression scores. Moderation analyses did not support a model of EM components acting on depression by buffering effects of interpersonal hassles. A model of depression and hassles predicting EM difficulties was also considered; when both hassles and depression scores were entered to predict EM, only depressive symptoms uniquely predicted clarity and repair.     

Relational spirituality and depression among married couples in Antigua

The World Health Organization indicates depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide. At the same time researchers have found religion/spirituality is inversely associated with depression. However, the mechanisms by which spirituality/religion impacts mental health have not been clearly identified particularly in non-western populations. Relational spirituality is a concept that focuses attention on the ways people relate to the sacred. This study examines whether different ways of relating to the sacred are implicated in levels of depression and whether marital partners affect each other’s level of relational spirituality and depression. Ninety-one (n?=?91) married heterosexual couples in the Caribbean Island of Antigua completed measures of relational spirituality and depression. Data were analysed using path analysis and through Actor Partner Interdependence Model methods. Results of the analysis showed wives’ and husbands’ depression scores covaried (COV?=?6.59, Pearson r?=?.28, p?β?=??.24, unstandardised B?=??3.23, se?=?1.30), and higher instability scores (β?=?.49, unstandardised B?=?5.46, se?=?.96). The husbands’ disappointment (β?=?.21, unstandardised B?=?2.17, se?=?.95) and instability (β?=?.54, unstandardised B?=?4.65, se?=?.72) were positively related to their depression scores. The results demonstrate relational spirituality is a useful framework for addressing depression in individuals as well as married couples.     

The Influence of Religiosity,Family-of-Origin,and Self-Efficacy on Depression in Older Adults

ABSTRACT

In this study, the influence of religiosity, self-efficacy, and family-of-origin on depression was examined. In addition, the associations of race, gender, and age on these variables were analyzed. A total of 81 older persons, 56% white and 44% black, and approximately the same number of males and females, were recruited from public housing, a senior citizens organization, and a private community dwelling. Results indicated that a number of associations were significant between race, gender, religion, and age. No gender or race differences were associated with self-efficacy or depression. Multiple regression analysis was utilized to examine the role of self-efficacy, family-of-origin, and religiosity on depression of older adults. Significant causal effects were found for the influence of religiosity and family-of-origin on self-efficacy and the influence of self-efficacy on depression.     

社会支持与大学生抑郁的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

为考察社会支持、社交焦虑、一般自我效能感和抑郁之间的关系,采用社会支持评定量表、社交焦虑量表、一般自我效能感量表以及抑郁自评量表对640名大学生进行调查。研究显示:(1)社交焦虑在社会支持与大学生抑郁之间起部分中介作用;(2)一般自我效能感在社会支持—社交焦虑—抑郁这一中介过程中的后半路径起调节作用。     

Effects of an early intervention group program for anxious and depressed adolescents: a pilot study

The Resourceful Adolescent Program is an early intervention program designed to enhance psychological resilience in adolescents with emotional problems. Eight adolescents with high anxious and/or depressive symptoms were treated with this 11-session group program. Treatment effects were examined by means of self-report questionnaires of anxiety, depression, and self-efficacy. Pre- and postintervention data showed reductions in anxiety and depression scores and a concomitant increase in adolescents' self-efficacy.     

Depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: the role of adherence, body mass index, and self-efficacy.

Considerable evidence links depression with the development and worsening of diabetes, but the factors contributing to this link have not been established. The authors examined the role of adherence, body mass index (BMI), and self-efficacy. Adult patients with Type 2 diabetes (N = 56) completed self-report measures of diet and exercise adherence, diet and exercise self-efficacy, and depression. BMI was obtained from medical records. Path and mediation analyses indicated that both adherence and BMI independently contributed to self-efficacy. Self-efficacy mediated both the association between adherence and depression and the association between BMI and depression. These findings are consistent with the proposal that lower self-efficacy in reaction to adherence failure and higher BMI contributes to depression in adults with diabetes.