对几种临床定势思维的思考

思维定势有权威定势、从众定势、经验定势、唯书本定势、情感定势.思维定势制约我们创新思想的发展,要更好实践临床工作,必须客观评价各种思维定势,主动进行创新思维训练.本文分别对各种思维定势在临床工作中的体现、优劣进行表述,并举例说明.     

反定势思维教学与创新精神培养

数学教学不只是传授知识,更要培养学生科学思维的方法、能力和创新意识。思维定势是人们习惯于用某种固定的方式去考虑问题的思维倾向。定势有二重性,从积极的一面看,在相同或相似的情境中,它有助于用已有的经验与方法促使问题顺利解决,引起正迁移;     

选言判断:打通“思维嵌塞”的利器

人们在生活、工作、学习中,常常因为受到思维定势的消极影响而作出错误的判断。如一个高中毕业生一心想升大学,认为“只有上大学才有个人前途”。但是,考试结果却名落孙山,因而心灰意冷,消极悲观,认为一生再也没有出头之日了,殊不知,没有上大学而前途光明甚至辉煌的人,多得很。这位高中毕业生“只有上大学才有前途”的思想形成了思维定势,而没有想到或认识到“不上大学同样是有前途的”。这说明,克服思维定势的消极影响,对一个人作出正确判断,具有重要意义。思维定势是人们在从事某项活动时的一种预备心理状态,它影响着后续思维活动的趋势、程度和方式。它的形成一般受有意注     

在数学教学中定势思维与创造思维的关系浅议

培养学生创造思维能力是当今数学教育改革的发展方向。而只要提及创造思维,无不批判定势思维在创造思维形成过程中的阻碍作用,而忽略定势思维的积极作用。笔者认为,这种认识是片面的,对加强双基的教学有一定的危害性。究其原因,是对定势思维的内涵认识不清、理解不透。本文拟就此问题作一些探讨,以就教于同行。     

思维障碍与调适

在现实生活中,人们在培养和锻炼自己的思维能力时,往往忽视它的反面,即思维的偏差与障碍,这严重影响着人们良好思维品质的形成,有碍于一个人的成才和创造才能的发挥。常见的思维障碍有以下几方面：一、循规蹈矩的思维定势障碍思维定势是指心理活动的一种准备状态,它影响着解决问题时的倾向性。定势对人们的活动,既有积极作用,又有消极影响。例如：学生学完范例,解决类似的问题,利用定势有利于问题的解决．但是这种思维易于使人受到习惯程序的束缚,使自己解决问题的思维模式、规则和程序固定化,在问题信搏事化方后,仍然沿用原先…     

思维定势浅议

思维定势是指人们在思维过程中自觉或不自觉地形成的一种比较稳定的思维趋向．由于思维的惯性作用,人们往往频向于以原有的知识和经验去对待和衡量新的信息．思维定势的形成,主要是由一子思维的参照系数大小,思维主体长期接受同一信息的频繁刺激而造成的．思维定势在思维过程中有积极的一面,当思维主体原有的知识和经验与新信息相一致时,主体凭经验即可对事物作出正确的判断．但是当思维主体原有的知识和经验与新信息发生矛盾时,思维定势便呈现出消极影响。在这种情况下,由于思维主体总是趋向于用老经验老方法去解释新信息,而不愿意…     

跳出思维定势陷阱

正成见和直觉会导致人们做出错误决策。如果能认清这些思维模式,或可避免踏入思维定势的陷阱。锚定偏见:人很容易过于依赖其所接触的最初一部分信息。譬如在谈工资的过程中,最先提出工资金额方案者,会令听者感觉各种条款都合理。     

临床诊断中“熟知当真知”心理探析

从理论与实践的结合上,批判了“熟知当真知”的习惯思维定势,这种定势表现在临床诊断中,为第一印象所迷惑,以强掩弱,以偏盖全,只触及事物外表,不能触及事物本质,求全责备只有克服了这些方面,才能把“真知”成了“熟知”。     

临床诊断中"熟知当真知"心理探析

从理论与实践的结合上,批判了"熟知当真知"的习惯思维定势,这种定势表现在临床诊断中,为第一印象所迷惑,以强掩弱,以偏盖全,只触及事物外表,不能触及事物本质,求全责备只有克服了这些方面,才能把"真知"成了"熟知".     

舰队翻山与鱼雷登陆

兵圣孙子认为：“凡战者,以正合,以奇胜。”这里的“奇”在思维方法上就是指突破常规思维的逆向思维。古往今来,一些优秀的军事指挥员,总是大胆开启逆向思维,利用敌方的思维定势,陷敌于思维定势的漩涡之中,做到了“善出奇者,无穷于天地,不竭如江河”,在波谲云诡的战争舞台上演了一出出逆向思维的活剧。     

Scope of Semantic Activation and Innovative Thinking in College Students with ADHD

Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show high divergent thinking on standardized laboratory measures. This study assessed innovative thinking in adults with ADHD using a realistic task and investigated a possible cognitive mechanism for ADHD-related advantages in innovative thinking. College students with and without ADHD (n = 30 per group) completed a cell-phone feature invention task and word association task. Latent semantic analysis was used to measure semantic distance within cue-associate pairs on the word association task. Compared to non-ADHD peers, students with ADHD scored higher in originality, novelty, and flexibility on the cell phone task, and produced associates of lower semantic relatedness on the word association task. Tests of statistical mediation confirmed that the higher flexibility of the ADHD group was explained by semantic distance within cue-associate pairs on the word association task. Results support the possibility that ADHD is positively associated with specific aspects of innovative thinking, which may in part be attributable to a wide scope of semantic activation.     

Think3d!: Training Spatial Thinking Fundamental to STEM Education

This article describes the initial implementation of an innovative program for elementary-age children involving origami and pop-up paper engineering to promote visuospatial thinking. While spatial ability measures correlate with science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) success, a focus on spatial thinking is all but missing in elementary school education. Fourth-grade students took part in the program and then completed spatial thinking assessments or completed the assessments prior to program participation. All students completed assessments at three points in time—before, during, and after the intervention. Results suggest the program's promise in promoting spatial thinking, showing both spatial thinking gains and extensive engagement in the program. Questionnaire responses suggest the program may have particular appeal for girls, which could play a role in reducing gender disparities in spatial reasoning and in situations where spatial thinking can be applied.     

The Role of Bilingualism in Creative Performance on Divergent Thinking and Invented Alien Creatures Tests

This study continues the effort to investigate the possible influence of bilingualism on an individual's creative potential. The performances of Farsi‐English bilinguals living in the UAE and Farsi monolinguals living in Iran were compared on the Culture Fair Intelligence Test battery and two creativity tests: divergent thinking test (the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults) and structured imagination test (Invented Alien Creatures task). The findings of the divergent thinking test revealed that bilingualism facilitates the innovative capacity, the ability to extract novel and unique ideas, but not the generative capacity, the ability to generate and process a large number of unrelated ideas. The findings of the test of structured imagination demonstrated that bilingualism strengthens an ability to violate a standard set of category properties. In addition, the study hints at the construct validity of these two tests of creative functioning. However, the study acknowledges its rather exploratory character as the bilingual and monolingual groups might differ in a number of uncontrolled sociocultural factors that could potentially mediate the effect of bilingualism.     

创造性认知风格、创造性人格与创造性思维的关系

对315名初中生施测Kirton适应–创新认知风格问卷、Williams创造性倾向量表和Torrance创造性思维测验任务,以考察创造性认知风格、创造性人格与创造性思维之间的关系。相关分析表明,在创造性认知风格中,效率性、规则性均与创造性思维呈显著负相关;在创造性人格中,冒险性、好奇心及挑战性均与创造性思维显著正相关。回归分析进一步表明,在创造性认知风格中,创新性、效率性分别正向、负向预测创造性思维,在创造性人格中,好奇心正向预测创造性思维;对回归系数的逐步检验发现,创新性维度通过创造性人格而对创造性思维具有间接的积极影响。结构方程模型结果则显示,创新性维度、规则性维度以创造性人格为中介分别对创造性思维发生间接的积极、消极影响。可见,创新认知风格有利于创造性思维,而适应认知风格不利于创造性思维;创造性人格有利于创造性思维;创造性人格在创造性认知风格与创造性思维之间具有一定的中介作用,创新性认知风格通过创造性人格而促进创造性思维,规则性认知风格通过创造性人格而抑制创造性思维。     

Short Term Intervention Model for Enhancing Divergent Thinking among School Aged Children

Creative ability can be developed and improved through intervention and training. This study presents a unique and innovative intervention program for enhancing creative thinking among children, focusing on divergent thinking skills. The program was designed as a short-term (10 weeks) training and conducted with 150 school students ranging in age from 9 to 13 years. The training included in a series of assignments, inspired by theoretical and practical concepts of mindfulness, theory of mind, and perspective taking. Divergent thinking was measured by fluency and uniqueness scores according to Tel Aviv Creativity Test (TACT). Results showed that children who participated in the program scored significantly higher on the divergent thinking tests after the intervention took place and that they showed higher creative achievements compared to children in the control groups.     

中学生创造性思维能力自评测验的编制

创造性思维有多种构成,其能力表现也有多种,即创造性思维能力是多维结构的.常用的最佳表现测验形式,无法良好测量其多维结构.一些研究者认为创造性思维能力是个体内在稳定的智力品质,并尝试使用典型表现测验来测量.本研究沿用此思路,尝试开发一套中学生创造性思维能力自评测验,即测查个体在日常生活中是否具有一些典型的习惯或行为方式.采用理论的探讨与实证分析相结合的方法,取得如下结果:(1)确定创造性思维能力的10维测评结构;(2)经过两轮测试检验,形成正式测验,信效度良好.     

思想史视野中的DNA双螺旋发现

医学史上许多丰碑不仅仅只是技术的辉煌,而且是思想史的楼梯口,由此可以提升学科的精神高度,50年前的DNA双螺旋结构的发现就是这样一个精神“事件”。试图穿越生物学实验探究其另一面——思想实验的创新价值;重新审定了物理学对于50年来生命科学的技术和思维引领作用;分析了还原论在DNA之后的价值终结。     

临床思维学的教学实践与理论探索

思维是人类理性活动的基本方式,思维能力是最具人类特色的能力,临床思维能力的培养是一个非常重要、然而又常为人们所忽视的问题,主要介绍临床思维学的课程设置、主要内容、教学目的和教学效果,通过对教学实践的阶段性总结,对理论体系进行初步的探索,以推动临床思维学的普及和发展,提高临床诊断治疗水平。     

论哲学思维在医学思维活动中的作用

医学思维活动离不开哲学思维的作用。医学思维和哲学思维的主要区别表现和思辨性和抽象性两个方面。虽然哲学思维不能代替医学思维,但是,哲学思维是医学思维的一般前提,医学思想往往由哲学思想过渡而来,医学认识的突破也以哲学思维为先导。医学家自觉运用哲学思维于医学认识之中,将会使医学思维更有效地进行。