INFLUENCES OF THE VIRTUAL OFFICE ON ASPECTS OF WORK AND WORK/LIFE BALANCE

Millions of employees now use portable electronic tools to do their jobs from a "virtual office" with extensive flexibility in the timing and location of work. However, little scholarly research exists about the effects of this burgeoning work form. This study of IBM employees explored influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance as reported by virtual office teleworkers ( n = 157) and an equivalent group of traditional office workers ( n = 89). Qualitative analyses revealed the perception of greater productivity, higher morale, increased flexibility and longer work hours due to telework, as well as an equivocal influence on work/life balance and a negative influence on teamwork. Using a quasi-experimental design, quantitative multivariate analyses supported the qualitative findings related to productivity, flexibility and work/life balance. However, multivariate analyses failed to support the qualitative findings for morale, teamwork and work hours. This study highlights the need for a multi-method approach, including both qualitative and quantitative elements, when studying telework.     

机械加工中技术革新創造过程的研究

問題的提出 技术革命、技术革新是提高我国劳动生产率的主要手段之一。建国十年,特別在大跃进以来,全国广大职工在响应党的以增产节約为中心大鬧技术革命的号召下,出現了許許多多生产革新者、技术創造发明家。这些革新者、发明家解决生产中关鍵問題的过程中,技术創造思惟是怎样进行着的,解决問題的原則、途径是怎样寻求的,形象在創造过程中起着什么样的作用,原型启发又是怎样引起积极的效果,心理学工作者对这类問題研究     

THE EFFECTS OF CHOICE AND TASK PREFERENCE ON THE WORK PERFORMANCE OF ADULTS WITH SEVERE DISABILITIES

We evaluated the effects of choice versus the assignment of tasks of varying preferences on the work engagement of adults with severe disabilities. The combined results of two experiments suggest that the relative preference for a task may be an important variable in the effectiveness of choice for some individuals.     

SHIFT WORK RELATED TO JOB ATTITUDES,SOCIAL PARTICIPATION AND WITHDRAWAL BEHAVIOR: A STUDY OF NURSES AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS1

The present study investigates the relationship between shift schedules and mental health, job satisfaction, social participation, organizational commitment, anticipated turnover, absenteeism and tardiness among nurses (N=440) in two hospitals and among rank-and-file workers (N=383) in a manufacturing organization. Results are generally supportive of the model which projected that workers on fixed work schedules (high routine-oriented) would be better off than workers on rotating work schedules (low routine-oriented) in terms of mental health, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and social participation. In addition, workers on fixed shift schedules are found to be lower on anticipated turnover, absenteeism and tardiness than workers on rotating shift schedules. Six potential moderators: age, marital status, place of socialization, cultural background, seniority and respondent's sex, were measured and their association with these relationships analyzed. Results are discussed in the light of the previous empirical evidence.     

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN LENGTH OF STAY IN THE JOB CORPS AND READING ABILITY OF THE CORPSMEN

Data on sex, age, race, length of stay, and reading ability were collected on 116 subjects who dropped out of the Job Corps in 1970. The data were analyzed to determine if there were any correlation between length of stay and reading ability. The findings yielded no significant correlations. Certain weaknesses of the study are pointed out and a more promising experimental design, related to other research, is discussed.     

NUMBER AND SPECIFICITY OF PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES IN THE PREDICTION OF ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORAL INTENTIONS

The problem of how many performance outcomes to use and how specific they should be in predicting satisfaction and behavioral intentions was addressed. 323 soldiers responded to a desirability and instrumentality scale for each of 16 potential outcomes obtainable from outstanding performance. Scores were factor analysed and composites were formed to reflect each dimension. Three criteria (satisfaction, perceived effort and intention to reenlist) were predicted using (a) all 16 outcome items, (b) only 11 items defining four outcome dimensions and (c) 4 items only, each item reflecting an outcome dimension. In all cases, the 11-item set was a better predictor than the 16-item set, and the 4-item set was nearly as effective as the 16-item set. Instrumentalities were found to be significantly better predictors of satisfaction than of effort, while the reverse was true of valences. It was suggested that adequacy of coverage of the out come domain rather than list length or outcome specificity, was the critical issue in improving predictability.     

小学生課业责任心形成的实驗研究

問題課业責任心不仅是学生的学习态度問題,而且也是共产主义品格形成、发展中的一个問題。探明課业責任心和学习效果的关系、課业責任心的心理結构、課业責任心形成的途径及其轉化为一种革命責任心的可能性問題,不仅可以帮助教师更自觉地对学生进行責任     

MORALITY AND POLITICS IN THE WORK OF MICHAEL WYSCHOGROD

Michael Wyschogrod claims that his arguments proceed from his biblical faith. But many of the (commendable) things that he has to say about politics and morality seem to derive from an autonomous ethics. I give five examples of arguments that cannot, in my reading of them, be drawn out of the relevant (but not definitive) biblical texts. Either the texts don't support the arguments at all, or they require interpretation, or some texts must be chosen above others if the arguments are to stand. Faith in the texts cannot by itself sustain the arguments that Wyschogrod wants to make.     

兰州市不同社区中、小学生学习态度的比较研究

通过对兰州市不同社区中、小学生学习态度的主要特征及差异情况的分析,揭示出学生的学习态度受到广泛的社会文化背景、教育思想及学生年龄等因素的影响。     

STAYING IN THE CLOSET VERSUS COMING OUT: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMUNICATION ABOUT SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND WORK ATTITUDES

The threat of job discrimination causes many gay men and lesbians to keep their sexual orientation secret at work. This study investigates the relationships between extent of communication about sexual orientation and critical work attitudes. We hypothesize that "closeted" gay workers will experience more negative work attitudes than will either "openly" gay or heterosexual workers. The sample consisted of 900 lesbian, gay, and heterosexual workers identified from the mailing list of a civil rights group focused on homosexual rights. The hypothesis is supported for affective organizational commitment, job satisfaction, belief in support of top management, role ambiguity, role conflict, and conflict between work and home issues, but not for continuance commitment. Although causal relationships are not specified, we conclude that work attitude levels of gay and lesbian workers are predicted in part by the amount of communication about their sexual orientation in which these workers engage.     

ATTITUDES TOWARD THE USE OF ANIMALS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION:

Abstract— This article reports the results of a national survey in which psychology majors were asked about the use of animals in psychological research and teaching. In general, the attitudes of psychology majors closely resembled the attitudes of practicing psychologists. Students tended to (a) support animal experiments involving observation or confinement, but disapprove of studies involving pain or death, (b) support mandatory pain assessments and the federal protection of rats, mice, pigeons, and reptiles, and (c) support the use of animals in teaching, but oppose an animal laboratory requirement for the psychology major. Opposition to the use of animals was greatest among women, among students at selective schools, and among students living in the Northeast/Mid-Atlantic region of the country.     

不同年龄城乡青少年价值取向的多方法复合式分析

本研究采用多方法、多特征的新思路,以4种测量方法分析不同亚文化背景下424名青少年的集体──个体价值取向（collectivism－individualismvalueorientation）的特点及其发展变化趋势,试图在价值取向的理论构思和研究方法论两方面作新的探索。结果表明：（1）不同年龄段、不同地区的被试,其集体──个体价值取向存在着显著差异;（2）4种测量方法之间结果的相关非常显著,多方法复合式分析具有聚合效度;（3）在集体──个体价值取向方向上,我国被试更倾向集体。本研究在方法学上和交叉文化差异研究中都有其积极意义,为进一步研究提供了依据。