国外学者关于毛泽东与近代西方思潮的比较研究

本文主要就国外毛泽东学专家关于毛泽东与两方近代思潮关系的比较研究作一介绍和评析.主要概述了从毛泽东接受马克思主义以前所受的各种思想的影响,到转变为马克思主义者之后,在理论和实践上与西方思想家不自觉的"共鸣"这两个阶段国外学者的研究成果,探究了其结论的缘由和依据.他们认为,毛泽东一生都受到西方近代思潮的影响.笔者认为,国外学者关于毛泽东与西方近代思潮关系的探讨是具有启迪意义的,但是,有些学者比较极端的观点是难以成立的.     

Mao and the Chinese revolution in philosophy

There is a unique relationship between Maoist policies and philosophy. This uniqueness is idue, on the one hand, to the pedagogical orientation of the CPC, and to the essential role of the cultural revolution, on the other.The research here reported was assisted by a grant awarded by the Joint Committee on Contemporary China of the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies.     

Confucius in the middle of the new cultural revolution today

There is some ground for saying that the real Confucius cannot be the object of recent critiques in the PRC. Both the critiques and critics are of questionable authenticity and they seem to be ‘pulling their punches’. What is clear is that these ideological pursuits mask some very serious political events over the recent past in the PRC.     

2008年以来毛泽东思想研究综述

2008年以来,国内学术界的毛泽东思想研究较为活跃,研究著述颇为丰富,研究范围有新的拓展,研究方法趋向多样。近几年来,毛泽东思想研究的热点问题主要集中于:对毛泽东思想与中国特色社会主义理论体系之间关系的研究;对毛泽东与马克思主义中国化的研究;对毛泽东关于社会主义建设理论与实践的研究;对毛泽东时代中国现代化理论与实践问题研究;对前30年和后30年关系的研究;对毛泽东历史功绩的研究等方面。     

Monkey kings make havoc: iconoclasm and murder in the Chinese cultural revolution

This article explores the interplay between destruction of material icons and people during China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), when authority figures—teachers, landlords, monks and nuns, bosses, intellectuals, doctors, Party leaders—were ‘struggled against’ by gangs of teenage revolutionaries called Red Guards. There is striking continuity in the rhetoric and the symbolic practices of the Red Guards as they destroyed statues and to a lesser extent, signs, buildings, and books, and as they killed people. Through techniques of demonisation—the affixing of negative iconic values—the rhetoric of destruction moved all too easily from image to body and from body to image. Yet just as iconoclasm is not always the utter annihilation of an iconic object but, more crucially, an attack on its iconicity, the violence against living people which tends to accompany iconoclastic movements often seems to be about stripping away the external signs of identity and then redefining the boundaries between categories of bodies. After a brief survey of four phases of Communist iconoclasm in China, I explore a number of aspects of Chinese iconoclasm which blur the distinctions between icons and bodies, related to conceptions of icons as living, the production of iconic bodies, and the ‘iconoclasm of the habitus.’ These themes are explored in commentary on two products of Cultural Revolution iconoclasm: Born Red, a memoir by Gao Yuan, and Qiao Dianyun's short story ‘The Blank Stele.’     

中国传统"革命"思想的两个维度及毛泽东的"革命"逻辑

传统中国蕴含着两种“革命”思想的维度:一是圣人救世的“汤武革命”,一是基于压迫而进行反抗的农民起义。这两个维度对于既系统地接受过中国传统的规范性文化教育,同时又深受非规范性文化熏染的毛泽东来说都产生了极大的影响,并形成了他“圣人救世”与“压迫-反抗”的两种“革命”逻辑。这两种具有不同文化气质的“革命”逻辑在毛泽东思想中得以结合的根本基础是他尚变求动的宇宙观和人生观。     

War,revolution, and psychoanalysis: Freudian thought begins to grapple with social reality

Psychoanalytic theory and practice have been affected by external events as well as by internal development. Specifically, the period of the Great War and its aftermath was a turning point in the history of psychoanalysis. These experiences emphasized the inadequacy of the libido theory alone, accelerated Freud's impetus toward metapsychology, and encouraged the articulation of theories of innate destructive urges, of ego instincts, of the superego, and of social interaction. Discussionsof war neuroses, of aggression and the death instinct, of the reality principle, and of the mechanisms of social psychology undermined Freud's original biologism in favor of a social-scientific approach. Psychoanalytic theory began to take more account of social experience and was profoundly changed in the process.     

明清以来传教士对中国神灵信仰的文化批判

本文分明末清初与清末民初两阶段,全面论述来华传教士对中国民众神灵崇拜文化层面的理性批判。文章指出,明末清初来华耶稣会士以“附儒诋佛”为指导思想,注重从儒家立场出发,在严厉驳斥民众神灵崇拜荒谬性的同时,主动扮演儒家卫道士的角色;清末民初来华传教士由于受到时代背景、社会变迁等诸多因素的影响,展开文化批判的出发点呈现出多元化,依其出发点的不同可分为:附儒型、田野调查型与比较吸收型三类传教士。     

毛泽东的遗产与中国的新工业化战略——以1978年后中国的工业化战略调整为视角

新中国经过四十年苏联模式强制工业化战略,促进了工业的快速发展,成为了世界经济强国。但工农二元化、工业区域失衡、工业内技术差异是相当显著的。1978之后的工业化战略调整受到毛泽东时代工业传统的影响,很难在短时间里有效地纠正这些差异。改革结果有可能提高工业总体成绩,但其他主要的差距仍将存在。     

Literature and the revolution.

Studies in East European Thought -     

Social psychology and the wrong revolution

Many social psychologists take increasing comfort in cognitive explanations of human action. This paper first attempts to demonstrate that cognitively based formulations not only delimit the possibilities for social understanding, but create a range of intractable conceptual problems. If real world events are reduced to cognitive representations of the world, then social events cease to exist for the discipline as legitimate foci of concern. Further, once the reality of cognition is granted, there is no conceptual means of viably explaining either the origins or acquisition of cognitive categories (schemas, representations, etc.), or the relationship between cognition and action. The paper then goes on to argue that the cognitive revolution in psychology blinds the discipline to the far more pervasive revolution occurring elsewhere in the intellectual world, that of social epistemology. When cognition is replaced by language as the major means for representing the world, then the individual is replaced by the social relationship as the central focus of concern. Theory and research within the framework of social epistemology are reviewed and their implications discussed.     

Reasons for the Freudian revolution.

Freud's revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind objective entities which can be studied like physical things. If Freud's is representative of scientific revolutions, perhaps what Thomas Kuhn has described as a change of paradigm might generally consist of the demonstration of new entities. This particular revolution occurred in the setting of a prevalent concern about the entities underlying all of the sciences. Because of his genius for structural thought, Freud was able to respond satisfactorily to a challenge that all the sciences were facing. It is that common challenge rather than a popular exemplary model, such as mechanics or hydraulics, that shaped Freud's theory.     

Reflections on the revolution at Stanford

We inquire into the question whether the Aristotelian or classical ideal of science has been realised by the Model Revolution, initiated at Stanford University during the 1950s and spread all around the world of philosophy of science—salute Suppes. The guiding principle of the Model Revolution is: a scientific theory is a set of structures in the domain of discourse of axiomatic set-theory, characterised by a set-theoretical predicate. We expound some critical reflections on the Model Revolution; the conclusions will be that the philosophical problem of what a scientific theory is has not been solved yet—pace Suppes. While reflecting critically on the Model Revolution, we also explore a proposal of how to complete the Revolution and briefly address the intertwined subject of scientific representation, which has come to occupy center stage in philosophy of science over the past decade.