Cognitive Abilities As Expressions Of Three "Ways Of Knowing"

Factor analytic studies suggest that there are six replicable second order cognitive factors. These six factors lend themselves to being interpreted as aspects of Royce's (1964) three "ways of knowing." This view provides a unified explanation of the second and third order factors. We hypothesize that each second order factor represents either the number of cognitive schemata of a particular type that a person possesses or the quality of these schemata, and the types of schemata are linked to "ways of knowing." The division of second order factors into qualitative and quantitative aspects, with the qualitative aspects being more subject to deterioration with age, and the quantitative aspects more trainable and subject to personality influence, provides an avenue for linking cognitive abilities to the other personality traits. The theory also resolves several theoretical problems concerning cognitive abilities, including distinguishing aptitudes from achievements, measuring creativity, and determining the relationship between rote memory and intelligence.     

"三世"概念与"善恶报应"--佛教中国化的一个范例分析

印度佛教中的“三世”说和因果报应论是对中国人的宗教思想和信仰产生重大影响的理论。然而中国佛教的因果报应论已经不再是原本意义上的印度佛教思想,其中掺杂了大量的中国传统思想。本文考察印度佛教的三世概念、因果报应论与中国灵魂论和善恶报应思想的融合过程,并试图通过佛教的中国化过程来说明佛教理论的变化与发展。     

A Defence Of Connectionism Against The "Syntactic' Argument

In "Representations without Rules, Connectionism and the Syntactic Argument', Kenneth Aizawa argues against the view that connectionist nets can be understood as processing representations without the use of representation-level rules, and he provides a positive characterization of how to interpret connectionist nets as following representation-level rules. He takes Terry Horgan and John Tienson to be the targets of his critique. The present paper marshals functional and methodological considerations, gleaned from the practice of cognitive modelling, to argue against Aizawa's characterization of how connectionist nets may be understood as making use of representation-level rules.     

以"三个代表"重要思想为指导深入研究"社会主义的宗教论"

“社会主义宗教论”是“三个代表”重要思想的宗教问题篇。“社会主义的宗教论”的立论基础,就是充分认识和深刻分析宗教存在的长期性、宗教问题的群众性和特殊的复杂性,并正确估计宗教的这三个特点带来的影响。这三个特点相互联系,相辅相成,根本是长期性,关键是群众性,特殊的复杂性。“根本是长期性”,所以要“积极引导宗教与社会主义社会相适应”;“关键是群众性”,所以要“全面贯彻党的宗教信仰自由政策”;“特殊的复杂性”,所以要“依法管理宗教事务”,“坚持独立自主自办的原则”。     

玄奘《八识规矩颂》新译

本文是为作者新译释的《玄奘八识规矩颂》而撰写的导言。在第一部分中首先介绍的是佛教“唯识学”及其“识”的基本含义。在第二部分中则进一步介绍“唯识学”在印度的缘起及其以后的发展史,以及它在中印文化传播中扮演的角色。第三部分是对《八识规矩颂》作者玄奘的总体介绍和评价。第四部分再现了历史上关于《八识规矩颂》之真伪的争议,并对这个争议做出自己的评价。最后的第五部分则是对《八识规矩颂》新译释的几个方法和义理的说明。     

"The Plague Of Blood": HIV/AIDS and Ethics of the Global Health–Care Challenge

In this essay I explore the heuristic value of the concept of ethics of complexity, chaos, and contingency by applying its framework to the analysis of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Everyday human moral choices are outcomes of a moral impulse, and such an impulse is grounded in moral competence shaped by moral literacy. This literacy is constructed on the basis of a body of knowledge of culture, social context, environment, and the universe. It also includes the knowledge of religions and religious and secular ethical codes. I also distinguish between the social and cultural aspects of ethical systems. Both societies and cultures provide resources and constraints for the development of literacy and competence. An intentionally developed multifaith and multidisciplinary coalition may help us move away from various forms of social speciation and toward sociological mindfulness. This could help us remake the world into one that has more courage to care.     

Effects Of Histories Of Differential Reinforcement Of Response Rate On Variable-interval Responding

Three pigeons were exposed first to multiple differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate and differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedules that were correlated with green and red keys, respectively, and then were shifted to a variable-interval schedule arranged on a white key. In subsequent test sessions, the variable-interval schedule continued to operate, but green and red keys replaced the white key in alternate sessions. In Part 1 of the experiment, the variable-interval schedule correlated with the white key was introduced immediately after the multiple-schedule condition, and the test condition began 15 days later. This sequence was repeated twice, with a reversal of the correlation of the key colors with the components of the multiple schedule at the start of each new cycle. Part 2 added a 6-month break between the multiple-schedule history and the white-key variable-interval schedule followed by test sessions. The procedure was then repeated with a reversal of the correlation between key colors and multiple-schedule components. In the test sessions of Part 1, all pigeons consistently responded faster in the presence of the key color most recently correlated with the differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate contingency than during the color most recently correlated with the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate contingency. Similar but smaller effects were observed in Part 2. The effects of the reversals in these two parts of the experiment showed that only the most recent contingency exerted an influence on subsequent responding. The data suggest that this effect of the most recent history continues to operate on behavior under current contingencies even after a long lapse of time.     

一处罕见的民间宗教"活化石"--太兴山民间宗教历史遗存调查

很早以前,笔者就从家乡的村民们口中知道,太兴山在解放前宗教活动不但兴盛,而且独具特色。自从改革开放以来,几乎彻底灭绝的太兴山宗教活动又慢慢地复苏起来,到20世纪90年代,太兴山已经在西安一带很有名气。1999年夏,笔者对太兴山宗教现状进行了专门考察。笔者意外发现,这里的宗教形态同其他地区大不相同,那些业已基本消失的民间宗教竟然在这里有比较完整的、大规模的遗存。这是一种极为难得的、特殊形态的宗教文化现象,是一处非常宝贵的民间宗教的“活化石”。 太兴山位于陕西省长安县东南方的库峪内。由库峪口到岱顶,共有寺庙35座,香…     

儿童病因认知发展的研究

对儿童病因认知发展的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。近20年来,西方发展心理学家在该领域的研究逐渐从皮亚杰理论框架下的研究转变为“朴素理论”框架下的研究。在理论上,研究越来越强调领域特殊性;在研究思路上,研究逐渐从“自上而下”的研究转变为“自下而上”的研究;在研究方法上,研究不断降低任务难度,提高了任务的区分度和敏感性。该领域进一步的研究将更为深入和细致的探查儿童的病因认知。     

内隐序列学习的研究进展

内隐序列学习是内隐学习的一种重要形式。该文回顾和总结了内隐序列学习研究的诸多方面,包括内隐序列学习的一般影响因素、内隐序列学习与意识的关系、内隐序列学习的心理机制、序列知识的心理表征、序列学习的神经基础,以及内隐序列学习与年龄的关系等,并对最近可能进行的研究进行了展望。     

The Hypothesis Of Ether And Reid's Interpretation Of Newton's First Rule Of Philosophizing

My object is to question a recurrent claim made to the point that Thomas Reid (1710–1796) was hostile to ether theories and that this hostility had its source in his distinctive interpretation of the first of Newton's regulæ philosophandi. Against this view I will argue that Reid did not have any quarrel at all with unobservable or theoretical entities as such, and that his objections against actual theories concerning ether were scientific rather than philosophical, even when based on Newton's first rule. I argue further that Reid's insistence on Newton's rule concerns, not direct observation, but rather the notion of explanation itself.     

Comparison Of Narratives Of Loss Experiences Of World War Ii and Vietnam Combat Veterans

Abstract

While their continuing grief now is receiving periodic media attention, for years and even decades, American soldiers who fought in World War II (WWII) and who fought in Vietnam have suffered their life-altering experiences of loss in silence. Many of the WWII generation now have died and cannot share their grief with us. We as scholars of loss and trauma have a special obligation to reach out to the living survivors of WWII for information about their experiences. As has been often noted (e.g., Kuenning, 1990), for years after the conclusion of the Vietnam War, the stories of loss and grief of Vietnam veterans were not welcomed. The purpose of this chapter is to report some comparative narrative evidence from veterans of these two wars. Our major question was whether strong differences between groups in perceived long-term impact of combat experience would be reported.     

Some Characteristics Of The G Index Of Agreement

Several uses of the G index of agreement are discussed for both Q- and R-techniques. It is shown that the index is meaningful and is not sensitive either to changes in having direction (for profile analysis) or to marginal inequalities for dichotomous data.