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1.
Chris Kelly 《Philosophical Studies》2008,137(3):369-382
Many recent attacks on consequentialism and several defenses of pluralism have relied on arguments for the incommensurability
of value. Such arguments have, generally, turned on empirical appeals to aspects of our everyday experience of value conflict.
My intention, largely, is to bypass these arguments and turn instead to a discussion of the conceptual apparatus needed to
make the claim that values are incommensurable. After delineating what it would mean for values to be incommensurable, I give
an a priori argument that such is impossible. It is widely accepted that value is conceptually tied to desire. I argue that,
more specifically, it is proportional to merited desire strength. This connection gives one a metric of all value if there
is any such thing. This metric entails that value is a complete ordering over all states of affairs, or, in other words, that
value is commensurable. 相似文献
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Timothy O'Connor 《Philosophical Studies》1992,66(2):139-166
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Redding RE 《The American psychologist》2002,57(11):987-8; discussion 989-90
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Robert W. Mueller 《The Journal of value inquiry》1969,3(1):19-29
Formal axiology is based on the logical nature of meaning, namely intension, and on the structure of intension as a set of predicates. It applies set theory to this set of predicates. Set theory is a certain kind of mathematics that deals with subsets in general, and of finite and infinite sets in particular. Since mathematics is objective and a priori, formal axiology is an objective and a priori science; and a test based on it is an objective test based on an objective standard.
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The impossibility of achieving consistently good mental health 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A Ellis 《The American psychologist》1987,42(4):364-375
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Philosophical Studies - This paper develops a form of moral actualism that can explain the procreative asymmetry. Along the way, it defends and explains the attractive asymmetry: the claim... 相似文献
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Ariadna Chernavska 《Philosophia》1981,10(1-2):1-18
Summary The general fact of the impossibility of a bivalent, truth-functional semantics for the propositional structures determined
by quantum mechanics should be more subtly demarcated according to whether the structures are taken to be orthomodular latticesP
L or partial-Boolean algebrasP
A; according to whether the semantic mappings are required to be truth-functional
or truth-functional
; and according to whether two-or-higher dimensional Hilbert spaceP structures or three-or-higher dimensional Hilbert spaceP structures are being considered.
If the quantumP structures are taken to be orthomodular latticesP
L, then bivalent mappings which preserve the operations and relations of aP
L must be truth-functional
. Then as suggested by von Neumann and Jauch-Piron and as proven in this paper, the mere presence of incompatible elements
in aP
L is sufficient to rule out any semantical or hidden-variable proposal which imposes this strong condition, for anytwo-or-higher dimensional Hilbert spaceP
L structure. Thus from the orthomodular lattice perspective, the peculiarly non-classical feature of quantum mechanics and
the peculiarly non-Boolean feature of the quantum propositional structures is the existence of incompatible magnitudes and
propositions.
However, the weaker truth-functionality
condition can instead be imposed upon the semantic or hidden-variable mappings on theP
L structures, although such mappings ignore the lattice meets and joins of incompatibles and preserve only the partial-Boolean
algebra structural features of theP
L structures. Or alternatively, the quantum propositional structures can be taken to be partial-Boolean algebrasP
A, where bivalent mappings which preserve the operations and relations of aP
A need only be truth-functional (c). In either case, the Gleason, Kochen-Specker proofs show that any semantical or hidden
variable proposal which imposes this truth-functionality (c) condition is impossible for anythree-or-higher dimensional Hilbert spaceP
A orP
L structures. But such semantical or hidden-variable proposals are possible for any two dimensional Hilbert spaceP
A orP
L structures, in spite of the presence of incompatibles in these structures, in spite of the fact that Heisenberg's Uncertainty
Principle applies to the incompatible elements in these structures, and in spite of the fact that these structures are non-Boolean
in the Piron sense.
The present paper is a sequel of the proceedings of theSociety of Exact Philosophy annual meeting, published in our issue 9:2, pp. 187–278. — Ed.
I am indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Edwin Levy, for many hours of helpful discussion on the drafts leading to this paper. 相似文献
14.
Sandra A. Rigazio-Digilio Oscar F. Gonalves Allen E. Ivey 《Applied and Preventive Psychology》1996,5(4):235-247
The authors build upon Castonguay and Goldfried's analysis regarding issues and directions central to advancing psychotherapy integration. They elaborate on two issues addressed only minimally in Castonguay and Goldfried's article. The first involves moving beyond traditional psychotherapy territory to include cultural, self-in-relationship, and interdisciplinary domains. The second concerns using more holistic and synergistic processes to coconstruct integrative theories and approaches. Finally, the authors offer some insights into what they believe should be the goals of the integrative movement and into additional issues they think should be addressed to attain these goals. Psychotherapy has become so complex and changing that we need a new view—one that recognizes the impossibility of any final or superior integrative theory and the need for constant change and evolution in theory and practice. 相似文献
15.
Lazarowski Lucia Krichbaum Sarah Waggoner L. Paul Katz Jeffrey S. 《Animal cognition》2020,23(4):755-768
Animal Cognition - Both ontogenetic and phylogenetic factors have shaped dogs’ cognitive capabilities, resulting in a heightened social sensitivity at the apparent cost of non-social... 相似文献
16.
In asymmetric lightness matching tasks, observers sometimes report that they cannot achieve satisfactory matches between achromatic surfaces under different neutral illuminants. The surfaces appear different, yet no further adjustment of either surface improves the match. There are evident difficulties in interpreting data from a task that the observer cannot always do, and these difficulties likely affect the interpretation of a large number of previous studies. We investigated, as an alternative to asymmetric matching, the direct use of proximity judgments in the study of surface lightness perception. We asked observers to rate the perceived dissimilarity of pairs of achromatic surfaces that were placed in identical scenes and viewed under different neutral illuminants. We develop a parametric model that accurately predicts perceived dissimilarity in terms of physical light intensities and surface albedos. The parameters of this model are readily interpretable. In particular, the ratio of the influence of changes in illuminant intensity and changes in surface albedo is a measure of the extent to which the observer discounts the illuminant. Asymmetric lightness matching can be interpreted as an unachievable limiting case of proximity judgment. 相似文献
17.
The impossibility of forgiveness: shame fantasies as instigators of vengefulness in Euripides' Medea
Lansky MR 《Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association》2005,53(2):437-464
Unforgivability in Euripides' Medea is explored in the context of intrapsychic forces favoring disruption and narcissistic withdrawal and precluding the influence of forces favoring repair of bonds, not necessarily to the betrayer, but to the social and moral order. The forces underlying disruption and withdrawal operate to such an extent that forgiveness and cooperation with the social order become impossible. Euripides' literary insights are explored with the purpose of deepening and extending the psychoanalytic understanding of shame, shame fantasies, projective identification, and vengefulness as they bear on the problem of forgiveness. Three types of shame fantasy are pertinent to the transformation of Medea's mental state from one of anguished and disjointed shame to diabolical vengefulness: anticipatory paranoid shame, the projective identification of shame, and withdrawal as a defense against shame. 相似文献
18.
Panu Raatikainen 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2000,29(6):617-633
The prospects and limitations of defining truth in a finite model in the same language whose truth one is considering are thoroughly examined. It is shown that in contradistinction to Tarskirs undefinability theorem for arithmetic, it is in a definite sense possible in this case to define truth in the very language whose truth is in question. 相似文献
19.
The study reports on the development of a questionnaire for assessment of adult cognitive dysfunction (CDQ). Participants in a population-based sample (65±15 years, N=370) responded to a 90-item pilot version covering multiple aspects of memory/cognition. Based on exploratory principal components analyses and correlations with criterion measures of cognitive functioning (MMSE, Block Design, semantic/episodic memory), 20 items loading on 6 components were selected for the final version of the questionnaire. Cronbach's α for the total score was 0.90. There was evidence of construct validity as judged by correlations between CDQ scores, objective cognitive measures, and a subjective memory measure (PRMQ). Discriminant validity was demonstrated by a low and non-significant correlation with depressive symptoms. Further evidence of construct validity was provided by correlations with age and educational attainment. In conclusion, the CDQ is promising as a self-rating screening tool for cognitive dysfunction, and will be the subject of further development and validation. 相似文献
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We identify a novel ‘cultural red king effect’ that, in many cases, results in stable arrangements which are to the detriment of minority groups. In particular, we show inequalities disadvantaging minority groups can naturally arise under an adaptive process when minority and majority members must routinely determine how to divide resources amongst themselves. We contend that these results show how inequalities disadvantaging minorities can likely arise by dint of their relative size and need not be a result of either explicit nor implicit prejudices, nor due to intrinsic differences between minority and majority members.
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