L’instrumentalisation managériale des espaces de délibération formels: l’expérience des enseignantes du préscolaire/primaire

This study examines formal deliberation spaces’ structure and how they translate into collegial work structures. Based on a critical experientialist work theory and a materialist feminist perspective it considers formal deliberation spaces and teachers’ lived experiences. The methodology relies on a qualitative research design involving 25 primary school teachers and individual and group interviews. The results show many mandatory formal deliberation spaces within the work organization and highlight the limited possibilities for teachers to deliberate their day-to-day experiences within these spaces. The findings render visible the process by which the structure of formal deliberation spaces can be moulded and instrumentalized to benefit the administration and render invisible teachers’ lived experience, leading to institutional silencing.     

La formation dans l’enseignement de la psychologie pour les étudiants de cycle supérieur : les compétences essentielles pour les nouveaux enseignants

What pedagogical skills are necessary for first-time college instructors? Ninety-two faculty (M = 41.3 years old, 68% female, 90.2% white, 91% born in the US) and 64 graduate students (M = 28.3 years old, 83% female, 87.5% white, 81% born in the US) listed the top three skills they believed were essential to instructors’ success in the college classroom. Despite differing levels of classroom teaching experience, graduate students and faculty members prioritized “survival” skills: public speaking, organization, and content mastery. Notable differences did emerge: faculty members were more likely to list reflection on teaching and graduate students were more likely to list classroom management and comfort with technology. Faculty also preferred more informal training methods (e.g., self-reflection, mentorship), whereas graduate students preferred more formal training methods (e.g., practice/experience, seminar/workshop). Recommendations for graduate teacher training programs include a focus on lower as well as higher-level skills and an attempt to incorporate formal and informal training methods.     

Indice d’aptitude général et indice de compétence cognitive pour le WISC-IV : normes empiriques versus normes statistiques

IntroductionThe General Ability Index (GAI) was developed within the WISC-III to measure general cognitive ability. The GAI can be used as a substitute for the FSIQ. Recently, the Cognitive Proficiency Index (CPI) was developed. The GAI and CPI tables for the French WISC-IV were recently created using statistical approximation. However, it has been suggested that tables created with statistical approximation were less proficient than tables created using samples.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to compare GAI and CPI normative tables of the French WISC-IV which use a statistical approximation procedure, to tables based on a sample.MethodTo explore the validity of the GAI and ICC scores, we studied 182 children aged from 8 to 12-years-old.ResultsCorrelations between both types of tables were 0,997 for GAI and 0,999 for CPI, and the absolute mean difference was 5.38 points and 2.24, respectively. For the children presenting a GAI_S lower than 89, GAI_E suggested that it is likely that their scores are lower about 8-10 points than that indicated by GAI_S.ConclusionResults of this study support the use of GAI and CPI to provide different views of children's cognitive abilities.     

Rééducation des compétences socio-émotionnelles pour des adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle

IntroductionThe aim of the present study was to improve socio-emotional skills in adults with intellectual disability (ID) in order to remediate their social behavior difficulties.MethodThe socio-emotional skills reeducation program (Barisnikov, 2007) was proposed to 17 ID adults. Participants’ socio-emotional skills were assessed in pre- and post-reeducation period using tasks from the “Socio-Cognitive and Emotional Battery” (Barisnikov & Hippolyte, 2011).ResultsPost-reeducation assessment showed that the performance of participants was significantly improved on both “Emotion Attribution Task” and “Social Resolution task”. The significant reduction in their behavioral problems was also observed. These results demonstrated that the improvements were not limited to participants’ socio-emotional processing abilities but were also generalized to their daily functioning.ConclusionThe program provides an interesting tool to improve socio-emotional processing abilities and social behavior in adults with ID.     

La sensualité : une voie originale pour penser les ambiguïtés de la relation d’aide chez les travailleurs sociaux

When the body to sensory body with the user becomes too unpleasant, many social workers partially disinvest their own sensoriality. This article contributes to understand this enigmatic phenomenon. It shows that the partial withdrawal of the investments of the sensation has, for the social workers, a defensive function close to what P. Aulagnier called “pare désinvestissement”. It is about avoiding to escape a traumatic meeting completely with the user, even though it is necessary to empty it of all its flesh weight. Inversely, the transgression of the secondary processes by the original sensoriality could have a subjective dimension. It is this capacity that we propose to name “sensuality”. While taking support on some works pioneers, we will conclude temporarily while putting some poles aiming to enrich the groups of analysis of professional practice of this sensual capacity of symbolization.     

L’attachement chez les enfants institutionnalisés : une recension narrative et méta-analytique des études sur les facteurs de risque

IntroductionInstitutional conditions are deleterious for child development (Browne, 2009). In particular, at a socioemotional level, a high proportion of institutionalized children develop an insecure-disorganized attachment (van IJzendoorn & Bakermans-Kranenburg, 2009). However, little is known about the risk factors associated with the development of disorganized attachment behavior among children living in institutions.ObjectiveA narrative and meta-analytic review is conducted to identify such risk factors.MethodAll studies reporting valid attachment scores of institutionalized children during infancy (between the ages of 1 and 5) were selected. A total of 16 published studies, out of 9 different research projects, conducted in various countries were found.ResultsOverall results show that structural factors are associated to higher levels of disorganized attachment. The accumulation of risk factors or their interaction are suggested as potential processes explaining insecure attachments in institutional settings.ConclusionResearch questions are suggested for future work.     

Confinement : construction d’une nouvelle représentation sociale chez les étudiants et les salariés

IntroductionThe lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was a brutal experience that had a lasting impact on people's daily lives.ObjectiveThe construction of the social representation of this event was monitored over one year in two sampling phases (March 2020 and March 2021).MethodThe evolution of social representation was carried out using the hierarchical verbal association method and a characterisation questionnaire.ResultsThe results obtained highlighted, on one hand, the emergence of a figurative core, which is transformed into a central core by the repetition and pressure of the lockdown episodes. On the other hand, the variability of the social representation of confinement according to social status, employees structure the social representation around isolation whereas students are focused on loneliness.ConclusionThe effects of lockdown are reflected in the social representation of confinement, showing an impact on mental health, particularly on students.     

L’acceptation située des technologies dans et par l’activité : premiers étayages pour une clinique de l’usage

The aim of this paper is to consider that a complementary way to evaluate the acceptance of technology in the work is possible; the acceptance situated. From a critical review of the classical models of acceptability (social and practical) on the one hand, and relying on models of the activity and theories of appropriation on the other hand, we show that it is necessary to insert the ICT in its social thickness, that is to say in a more comprehensive and complex as richer activity system (real). We will discuss the four dimensions to be considered to evaluate this acceptance situated. We also indicate how this approach can become an instrument of the development of activity and can contribute to a process of (re)creation of technical instruments, laying the foundations of what we have named a clinical usage.     

L’évaluation thérapeutique : description de quatre modèles

Since its development, therapeutic assessment (TA) has been used in many different settings and adapted accordingly. There are four different TA models: adult, couple, child and adolescent. This article presents the steps of each model and addresses the specific similarities and differences between them.     

Validation d’une mesure d’orientations envers les buts au travail auprès de participants à une évaluation du potentiel et des compétences

IntroductionGoal orientations are a characteristic of the personality explaining different reactions in achievement and learning situations. So far, no French instrument exists to measure this variable in a professional context.ObjectiveThe purpose of this article is to validate a French translation of the VandeWalle instrument (1997) measuring goal orientation at work, with a sample of workers participating in a potential and skills assessment (PSA).MethodThe instrument has been translated using the parallel-blind method suggested by Usunier (1992) and adapted by Lauzier and Haccoun (2010). Confirmatory factorial analyses were conducted to verify the factor structure of the translated version and correlational analyses were performed to assess its nomological validity. The study was conducted with workers (n = 263) from various organizational backgrounds who were subjected to a PSA.ResultsThe three-dimensional factor structure of the Work Goal Orientation Scale (WGOS), consistent with the one proposed by VandeWalle (1997), shows a good fit to the data. The learning, performance-approach and performance-avoidance orientations mainly show the expected associations with three correlates: self-esteem, the anticipated benefits of the PSA and the intention to develop one's skills following the feedback.ConclusionThe measure has a satisfactory nomological validity and can be used to study people's reactions towards learning situations in the workplace.     

L’expertise médicale fondée sur les faits

The concept of evidence-based medicine applies to medical activity in general in order to rationalize it. The medical expertise, constantly looking to improve its quality, can no longer ignore this concept. This is the best tool to meet the mission entrusted to experts of assessing the conformity of care to the scientific-acquired features, without neglecting the assessment of the involved practitioner's skills and the particular circumstances of the plaintiff. This article develops the new concept of “Medical expertise based on facts”.     

L’évaluation de la perte de chance en responsabilité médicale,une mission à repréciser pour l’Expert

Loss of opportunity, which today is considered as a prejudice in its own right, both for the French Supreme Court and the Council of State, remains undeniably difficult to assess in practice. For many years, the issue of compensation for breach of duty of disclosure gave the various courts the ability to roadtest this concept. However, although the criteria defining this concept, of judicial origin, have been established, the modus operandi allowing the judge to quantify it does not exist. How can this portion of personal injury be determined in relation to the size of the opportunity lost? This is primarily a technical issue, similar to that of assessing a disability rate. However, this request does not feature in typical common law missions for judicial or administrative medical expertise. The judge alone is left to assess this probability, whereas the expert would be in a position, as far as possible, to provide scientific and statistical assistance enabling a better definition of loss of opportunity.     

Facteurs d’invention,de dissémination et de diffusion d’une innovation : leçons d’une triple étude de cas

The aim of this article is to identify the factors facilitating the invention, dissemination and diffusion phases of the innovation process. An action-research was conducted in a hospital setting using mixed methods (participant observation, interviews and questionnaires). A triple case study illustrated the invention of a change management methodology, its dissemination using an interactive learning strategy and its diffusion within and outside the organization. Ten factors from various research traditions emerged. No model was able to explain all factors facilitating one phase. Phases of the innovation process were carried out dynamically, as a continuously reactivated process.     

Une étude de la pratique professionnelle de jeunes juristes : la nécessaire compétence en relations humaines

Some professions require more than others competences in human relations. It is the case of the profession of judge. Thus, Gangloff and Hardy (2006), noted that students in right did not use any criteria of social order for better knowing the person than they had to judge. This led them to take decisions without references to the individual contrary to what envisages the penal code of procedure. In the study which follows, young lawyers are confronted with actors of the school world. Cases where they have to evaluate the responsibility for actors in various situations of attacks (verbal, with the goods and physics) are submitted to them, to pupils of class of third and teachers of secondary school. It is noted that the decisions of the future lawyers are particularly different from other groups in particular on the cases of verbal attacks. Those, indeed, take little account of these kinds of damages, whereas they are very present in mind for the others. How then, not to generate incomprehension between worlds which have more and more the occasion to meet in this societal context where the right supplants morals?To prolong this reflection, it is permissible to think that additional training in human relations within the framework of the legal studies would make it possible to support the competence of the judges.     

L’intensification du travail,et l’intensification des changements dans le travail : quels enjeux pour les travailleurs expérimentés ?

In this article we address, on the basis of various knowledge in ergonomics, work psychology and work demography, the stakes of a confrontation between two trends in progress: on one side the structural ageing of workforce, on the other side work intensification, and intensification of changes at work. This analyze includes statements on these evolutions by themselves, and a synthesis of knowledge on the difficulties created by the intensification of work, or changes at work, for elderly workers, but also on work strategies that those can elaborate, using their experience, in order to cope with these constraints.     

L’évaluation psychologique en situation transculturelle : une révision de la littérature

Human migration provokes transcultural clinical encounters that may challenge the way clinicians see themselves and how they proceed in their usual practices. In the field of psychology, psychological assessment is an important tool to better understand the patients’ needs and to design psychological interventions. Considering that most diagnostic tests and manuals have been developed in the Western context, the application of these tools with other populations remains controversial. The present literature review aims to describe the state of current knowledge on psychological transcultural assessment. Specifically, we will address: (1) the use of psychological tests in transcultural contexts, (2) the development of the Cultural Formulation Interview (CFI, DSM-5) and (3) the clinical interview: language, therapeutic relationship and participation of interpreters. In the first section, we discuss the international norms for scales and tests translation and adaptation, as well as the cultural issues that may bias the test’ application and interpretation. In the second section, we describe the creation of the CFI, and its use in recent studies. The CFI is composed by four clusters: (1) cultural definition of a problem, (2) cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support, (3) cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help seeking, and (4) cultural factors affecting current help seeking. The revised studies indicated that the CFI has a positive impact on the cultural sensibilization of mental health professionals, also improving the relationship between the patients and professionals. The cultural formulation may also prevent misdiagnosis. Beyond the use of tests and structured interviews, the clinician also faces other challenges during a transcultural assessment. We discuss in the third section the transferential and countertransferential relationship in a transcultural situation. Several elements may influence this relationship, at an individual, institutional and societal level. The evaluation of these elements may allow the clinician to better understand results of the psychological assessment. We also describe the current guidelines for the use of interpreters during health consultations in France. In conclusion, several advances have been made in the field of transcultural psychological assessment, among other things the development of guides for good translation and cultural adaptation of tools, as well as the integration of cultural issues into the DSM. However, research and changes in clinical practice are still needed, as the evaluation of cultural biases in cognitive tests and the expansion of cultural competences training among clinicians.     

L’expertise judiciaire n’est pas un préalable obligatoire au changement de sexe à l’état civil pour les personnes transsexuelles

The changing of the sex designation on the civil status for transsexual persons in France is not governed by the legislator but by the case law, the Court of cassation. This system is now insufficient, given the unequal treatment between citizens among jurisdictions. Courts and ministerial orders cannot compensate such a situation. A legislative intervention seems to be necessary. The recent decisions from the Court of cassation have awakened fears regarding the so-called obligation of a legal and medical examination before a changing of the sex designation. We do consider that it is not a preliminary stage to succeed for such a proceeding.     

La résilience dans les situations de licenciement économique : une étude de cas mobilisant les dialogues de conseil en life design

Professional breakdowns are numerous in today's world of work and can lead to psychological distress, precariousness and loss of self-esteem. Resilience gathers a set of psychological attitudes and processes that allow individuals to struggle in order to find life meaning and recover self-confidence after a traumatic event. This article proposes in a first part, a review of the literature on the concept of resilience in connection with career breakdowns and more particularly with layoffs. The second part is a case study that aims to highlight the role and interest of Life Design Counseling Dialogues (LDCDs) (Guichard, 2004) as a career counseling method supporting the implementation of psychological processes that contribute to resilience after a layoff. As part of a career counseling intervention, LDCDs were implemented in a case study. They were transcribed and analyzed using the methodology of innovative moments (Gonçalves et al., 2009). The analysis reveals an increase in the number of innovative moments showing a change in the person's life and it confirms the emergence of resilience processes during DCLDs. These results are discussed in relation to models of resilience and with the role of counselors and psychologists who accompany individuals who have met a layoff.     

L’intention comportementale dans les pratiques ménagères : faire soi-même son produit ménager pour moins polluer

Partly due to everyday products discharge, the presence of micropollutants in the sewage system highly concerns the public authorities and water stakeholders. Our study is focused on the measurement of the intention to substitute usual household products by a “homemade” product more eco-friendly. 304 questionnaires were completed by the inhabitants of the Strasbourg Eurometropole and were analyzed by using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The results show that TPB explains 35 % of intention to use the “homemade” product. It seems that the respondents have a positive attitude toward this “homemade” product. It also appears that there is a strong capacity constraint of this product in terms of disinfection although this parameter is essential when choosing a household product.     

Relations entre le vécu émotionnel et les stratégies d’ajustement en situation de compétition

The purpose of this exploratory study was to deal with the questions of stress and emotions in the sports fields based on transactional theory and reversal theory. Competitive marathon runners (n = 36) completed self-report questionnaires a few hours before and after a marathon. Results highlighted the importance to precompetitive phase in terms of the subjective states of tension–stress, effort–stress, anxiety and excitation. Interesting links were observed between some of these expressions of emotional experience and the performance. It was also demonstrated that the same coping strategy could be associated with pleasant and unpleasant emotions. The limits of this study and the practice perspectives for marathon running will be reviewed in this study.