时态结构中的恒常联系因果学习（英文）

人工智能研究中,行动这一概念通常在理论框架中有完全的定义。然而,现实中的行动有时难以完全刻画。智能体需要从过去的经验观察中习得行动的后果。本文提出一种基于时态结构的行动—结果学习理论。在自然数时间结构中,智能体通过观察过去的恒常联系建立因果关系。智能体依据已建立的因果关系指导将来的行动。同时,我们给出关于该理论的一个完全的逻辑演绎系统,并给出基于该逻辑的智能体行动的有效算法。     

动词体的球态语义学

本文介绍由塔斯基的立体几何导出的球态语义学,并将其应用于自然语言中的动词体现象。球态语义学特别适合应用于英语的进行体。这种方法有以下优点（i）它扩展了区间式语义,并同时避免了其缺陷,（ii）它解决了未完成体难题,（iii）它的解决方法无需诉诸最终结果策略。逻辑方法一般被认为难于处理自然语言的动词体问题。基于点的时间结构以及建立在该结构之上的经典普莱尔时态逻辑（[18]）太弱了。而基于区间的时态语义则缺乏足够的表达力,并且难以解释进行体（[4,8]）.本文给出一种新的基于球上整体－部分关系概念的模型和时态语义。这种球态语义学建基于塔斯基1927年引入的立体几何之上。与基于点和基于区间的语义不同,在球态语义学中很多动词体区分都由统一的逻辑方法刻画。在一个由封闭球构成的论域中,可达关系由相切性概念给出。相应地,我们可定义外切、内切、外径、内径以及同心等基本概念。与区间式语义不同,球是论域的初始概念,球态语义学不是在时间段而是在球中对事件赋值。因此,仅将时间区间作为初始概念而不承认其端点初性性的问题不复存在。英语中的进行体由球上的连续行动来刻画。行动是非终止的,只要球没有由外切相离。相应地,外切相离刻车动作完成。我们区分在均匀球和非均匀球中发生事件的整体-部分关系。非持续动作视为直径为零的同心球。球态语义学根据动作或执行完成的时刻来定义时间概念,其中不需要时间端点的概念。在保持与基于区间的时间模型类似的基础上,球态语义学暗示了一种关于可能世界的定性概念,并且它有利于解决时间的循环概念问题。     

相关维度数量对两种结构类别学习的影响

在多重系统理论研究基础上,运用即时反馈训练范式,以大学生为被试,考查相关维度数量对基于规则和信息整合两种结构的类别学习的影响.结果表明:(1)相关维度数量是影响类别学习的重要因素,基于规则单维度结构的学习显著优于信息整合结构和基于规则双维度结构的学习,基于规则双维度结构的学习与信息整合结构的学习没有显著差异.(2)反应策略受到规则复杂性的影响,当类别结构中隐含的规则比较简单时,学习者使用规则策略;当类别结构中隐含的规则比较复杂时,学习者难以掌握规则,就会使用相似性策略.研究结果支持"难度观",而不支持多重系统理论.     

Selfextensional Logics with a Conjunction

A logic is selfextensional if its interderivability (or mutual consequence) relation is a congruence relation on the algebra of formulas. In the paper we characterize the selfextensional logics with a conjunction as the logics that can be defined using the semilattice order induced by the interpretation of the conjunction in the algebras of their algebraic counterpart. Using the charactrization we provide simpler proofs of several results on selfextensional logics with a conjunction obtained in [13] using Gentzen systems. We also obtain some results on Fregean logics with conjunction.This paper is a version of the invited talk at the conference Trends in Logic III, dedicated to the memory of A. MOSTOWSKI, H. RASIOWA and C. RRAUSZER, and held in Warsaw and Ruciane-Nida from 23rd to 25th September 2005.     

目标或背景:联合搜索知觉学习的内容

采用颜色-形状联合搜索任务探讨短期特征联结知觉学习的效果和机制。训练被试在由不同颜色和形状组合的字母干扰子中搜索具有特定颜色和形状的目标字母,训练时间约为40分钟。通过训练,被试搜索特定的颜色-形状联结的目标字母的能力有所提升,并且学习效应能够迁移至背景改变目标不变的条件中,但是不能迁移至背景不变目标改变的条件中。这一结果提示,被试在进行短期联合搜索知觉学习时,学习到的是目标,而并非背景或目标与背景的联系。     

Neurons in Human Temporal Cortex Active with Verbal Associative Learning

In neuronal activity recorded from human middle temporal gyrus during learning of associations between word pairs, a population was identified that had greater activity for associations that were learned rapidly during initial encoding compared to those learned slowly or not at all by an individual subject. This population can be separated from other neurons by the combination of inhibition during word reading when no learning is required and excitation during recent memory for words. These neurons are present in both hemispheres, predominately in deeper layers of cortex. During initial encoding, the increased activity appears at presentation of all word pairs but persists for several seconds only for the rapidly learned pairs, likely reflecting rehersal of items being learned. Human associative learning is related to activity of this specific population of “association” neurons, identified here for the first time.     

汉语无关联词因果复句的命题表征项目互换效应

采用句子—图画验证任务探讨了汉语无关联词因果复句的命题表征项目互换效应。结果表明 ,汉语无关联词因果复句的项目表达顺序为“结果→原因”时 ,所形成的命题表征中项目发生互换 ,其结果为“原因→结果”。本研究结果初步表明 ,在没有关联词的语法提示条件下 ,读者在理解汉语无关联词的因果复句的过程中能够根据其语义内容按照“原因→结果”固定方向进行系列的认知加工     

Conjunction in the Language of Emotions

Abstract

Oatley and Johnson-Laird (1987) have proposed a cognitive theory of emotion. According to this theory, there are five basic emotions. A major prediction of the theory is that it should permit satisfactory definitions for all the emotion words in a language, and this was essayed for the English language by Johnson-Laird and Oatley (1989). The theory proposes that only one emotional state can be operative at a time, and therefore words referring to mixed emotions were defined by Johnson-Laird and Oatley as disjunctions of basic emotions. Two experiments are reported which com pared these disjunctive definitions with conjunctive definitions (i.e. definitions inconsistent with the theory). For a number of words, conjunctive definitions tended to be preferred. This tendency was increased when the disjunctions and conjunctions were made more explicit. This finding sug gests that Oatley and Johnson-Laird's theory should be modified so as to embrace the conjunction of emotion. That is, it should allow that two or more emotions can be exnerienced in parallel.     

时序知觉的启动效应

时序知觉中的启动效应是指被启动的刺激被知觉为先于未启动刺激出现。文章综述了时序知觉启动效应的有关理论解释和影响因素,并对现有研究存在的问题及未来研究的方向进行了讨论。     

认知需要和警告类型对合取谬误的影响

合取谬误是一种常见的判断偏差,它指的是在不确定条件下,个体评估合取事件及其简单事件发生的概率时,对合取规则系统性偏离的一种现象.实验1 就认知需要类型对合取谬误的影响进行探讨,结果发现高认知需要的被试较不易表现出双重合取谬误和单合取谬误.实验2 探讨了警告类型对合取谬误的影响,结果发现无警告时个体最易表现出单合取谬误,其次是间接警告,最后是直接警告;此外,认知需要与警告类型的交互作用显著,高认知需要的被试在直接警告和间接警告时更少表现出双重合取谬误,在直接警告时更少表现出单合取谬误.     

The Sequential Structure of Movement Outcome in Learning a Discrete Timing Task

The sequential structure of discrete movement outcomes in an elbow-flexion movement task was examined with a crossed design of 2 movement-time (125 and 500 ms) and 2 range-of-motion (5 degrees and 20 degrees ) conditions over sets of 200 trials of practice. Traditional analyses of error score. techniques, time-series analyses of the quantitative raw and differenced data, and a symbolic dynamic analysis of qualitative events arising from the data were conducted. The differenced data revealed a consistent order over 3-trial strings that was more apparent with larger steps in the data scores, but quantitative time-series and symbolic dynamic analyses of the raw movement-time data showed weaker relations. There were a few patterns of structure evident in the raw data time series that were a function of the movement condition and the skill level of the subject. The analyses of the movement-time scores revealed that, in learning the discrete timing task, there is more order apparent in the intrinsic frame of reference of the difference scores than in the extrinsic frame of reference.     

高低字频对汉字记忆中错误联接的影响

通过实验考察高低字频对汉字记忆中错误联接的影响.实验表明,汉字再认记忆中出现了频率的镜子效应,但在反应时间限制下,镜子效应中对学习词的正确再认率的差异消失.被试对低频联合诱字的错误再认率高于高频联合诱字.无论是高频字还是低频字,被试对联合诱字的反应时都长于对学习字和无关字的反应时.研究结果可用修正后的激活混淆来源理论(source of activation confusion,SAC)解释.     

提取任务对联合效应和特征效应的调节不具有测验范式敏感性

我们近期发表的研究显示,联合效应和特征效应具有提取任务敏感性,表现为来源提取较项目再认任务的相应效应更强。然而,来源提取任务中仅采用了排除范式,其他测验范式的相应效应尚未报告。因此本实验在此基础上更改了测验范式,采用三键范式。结果显示,来源提取任务中的联合效应和特征效应仍然比再认任务中的相应效应强,表明联合效应和特征效应的提取任务敏感性不为测验范式所调节,提取任务对两类效应的调节与双重加工模型相吻合。