Quantitative differences between male and female Hawaiian early adolescents in their primary factors of personality.

Empirically examined were the quantitative differences between 349 female and 230 male Hawaiian early adolescents (M age = 12.1 yr.) in the seven primary personality factors previously found: Super Ego, Ego Strength, Anxiety, Dependence vs Independence, Social Activity vs Shyness, Dominance vs Submission, and Masculinity vs Femininity. A multivariate analysis that examined the difference on each factor while statistically controlling for differences in the others indicated female Hawaiian early adolescents are higher on Dependence and Social Activity and lower on Super Ego and Masculinity scales. In contrast, a univariate analysis which did not statistically control for differences in other factors, although it correctly identified three differences, did not indicate one difference and falsely indicated three. Besides accurately indicating personality differences between Hawaiian early adolescent boys and girls, the research indicates the importance of multivariate analyses of differences between the sexes in further research.     

The primary personality factors of younger adolescent Hawaiians

A factor-analytic investigation was conducted to determine whether the primary personality factors of young adolescent Hawaiians were the same as the primary personality factors postulated by Cattell for adolescents on the United States mainland and in Germany. Responses of 584 Hawaiian adolescents (M age = 12.13 years) to a questionnaire that included items based on the High School Personality Questionnaire (IPAT, 1973) were analyzed by a procedure that adhered closely to Cattell's recommendations. The seven factors that were derived have been encountered in previous factor-analytic investigations, but, as a set, they correspond neither to the primary personality factors postulated by Cattell nor to factors postulated by other theorists who have also adopted a factorial approach to personality. They are, however, especially relevant to some psychoanalytic theories of personality.     

Confirmation and clarification of primary personality factors

In connection with a study bridging rating, questionnaire, and objective test factors, confirmation was sought with respect to the twelve personality factors previously found for young adult men. Variables were chosen to clarify and discriminate the nature of related factors. Ratings of and by 373 students were obtained, and the present study describes the separate factorization for the 133 men among them. Factorization yielded eleven factors, of which, on blind rotation for simple structure, 9 or 10 proved to be identical with those of the previous study. A new factorM is described.     

The personality characteristics of adolescents who use and misuse alcohol

The relationship between alcohol use and misuse and personality was investigated using 347 high school students. Students were tested with a battery which included measures of alcohol involvement (AAIS) and personality (CPI). The results demonstrated that as adolescents increasingly became involved in alcohol, the more their personality characteristics differed from those adolescents not involved or minimally involved with alcohol. The implications are discussed in light of past theories of alcohol misuse in adolescence.     

Agreement among adolescents, parents, and teachers on adolescent personality

Agreement between adolescents, mothers, fathers, and teachers on adolescents' personality traits was investigated in a longitudinal study. The targets for personality ratings were the adolescents who participated in the European Youth Heart Study in Estonia. There were 593 participants in the first wave and 480 participants in the follow-up study 3 years later. Adolescents' self-reports as well as father, mother, and teacher ratings were collected using questionnaires to measure the five-factor model of personality. In both waves, inter-rater agreement was highest between mothers and fathers, was low to moderate for parent-self ratings, and was lowest for ratings between self and teacher, mother and teacher, and father and teacher. Test-retest correlations were moderate for parent and self-ratings but failed to reach statistical significance for three of the five teacher-rated traits, suggesting lower reliability of teacher ratings. Possible explanations for the low agreement between teachers and other judges are discussed.     

The masochistic personality organization: Dynamic,etiological, and psychotherapeutic factors

Individuals with a masochistic personality are both very common and very frustrating to work with in psychotherapy. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the reader to this complex personality style by discussing a brief history of the term, its dynamics, etiology, and techniques in psychotherapy. The paper combines theoretical material from the literature with personal clinical observations and specific techniques for psychotherapy with these individuals.     

Addictive personality factors

This study was designed to compare mean scores obtained by alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, smokers, chronic joggers, and control subjects on six subfactors of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale. Results indicated that some MacAndrew factors may be more sensitive to additive pathology than others. Alcoholics emerged as the most pathological group, in terms of scores on the Cognitive Impairment, Social Maladjustment, and Risk Taking scales. Gamblers and smokers appeared to be distinctly different, more socially oriented addicts. Frequency of jogging was negatively related to measures of addiction but positively related to measures of compulsiveness.     

The assessment of personality factors across 25 countries

The means for each scale score from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire were compared individually and conjointly across 25 countries. Comparisons were carried out using coded difference scores, Pearson correlations, Euclidean distances, cluster analyses and non-metric multidimensional scaling. It was possible to compare the personality (as defined by the scale scores on E, N, P and L) of each country with all other countries, culminating in a one-dimensional non-metric scale of distances for both the male and female data from each country. The assumptions underlying the rationale of the measures used and the comparisons undertaken are briefly discussed.     

Assessing the five factors of personality in adolescents: the junior version of the Spanish NEO-PI-R

This article presents the development of a junior version of the Spanish (Castilian) NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (JS NEO) suitable for adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. The psychometric properties of the new JS NEO were investigated using two samples of 2,733 and 983 adolescents in Spain. The results showed that the adult NEO-PI-R factor structure was replicated with the junior version of the inventory and that the reliabilities of the scales were adequate. The cross-form correlations between the junior and the adult versions of the questionnaires indicated good equivalence indices. Furthermore, a joint factor analysis of the JS NEO and the Big Five Questionnaire-Children (BFQ-C) provided additional evidence for the construct validity of the JS NEO.     

Paths from socioemotional behavior in middle childhood to personality in middle adulthood

Continuity in individual differences from socioemotional behavior in middle childhood to personality characteristics in middle adulthood was examined on the assumption that they share certain temperament-related elements. Socioemotional characteristics were measured using teacher ratings at ages 8 (N = 369; 53% males) and 14 (95% of the initial sample). Personality was assessed at age 42 (63% of the initial sample; 50% males) using a shortened version of the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI); the Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP); and the Adult Temperament Questionnaire (ATQ). Three models were tested using structural equation modeling. The results confirmed paths (a) from behavioral activity to adult Extraversion and Openness (NEO-PI), sociability (KSP), and surgency (ATQ); (b) from well-controlled behavior to adult conformity (KSP) and Conscientiousness (NEO-PI); and (c) from negative emotionality to adult aggression (KSP). The paths were significant only for one gender, and more frequently for males than for females. The significant male paths from behavioral activity to all indicators of adult activity and from well-controlled behavior to adult conformity started at age 8, whereas significant female paths from behavioral activity to adult sociability and from well-controlled behavior to adult Conscientiousness started at age 14. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

The invariance of certain personality factors over four decades

The Michill Adjective Rating Scale (MARS) measures four factors: Unhappiness (similar to Emotional Stability versus Neuroticism of the Big-Five), Extraversion (similar to Extraversion versus Introversion of the Big-Five), Selfassertiveness (similar to Agreeableness versus Disagreeableness of the Big-Five), and Productive Persistence (similar to Dependability versus Undependability of the Big-Five). To investigate the invariance of the factor structure represented by these four factors, selfrating data collected with MARS, over a period of four decades, were divided into three samples of 204 (tested between 1954 and 1956), 441 (tested between 1966 and 1968), and 289 (tested between 1996 and 1998) undergraduates. Comparison of the loadings of the 48 MARS items on the foregoing four factors, across the three samples drawn from three separate populations, yielded median stability coefficients (Pearson rs) ranging between .85 and .96.     

The invariance of certain personality factors over four decades

The Michill Adjective Rating Scale (MARS) measures four factors: Unhappiness (similar to Emotional Stability versus Neuroticism of the Big-Five), Extraversion (similar to Extraversion versus Introversion of the Big-Five), Selfassertiveness (similar to Agreeableness versus Disagreeableness of the Big-Five), and Productive Persistence (similar to Dependability versus Undependability of the Big-Five). To investigate the invariance of the factor structure represented by these four factors, selfrating data collected with MARS, over a period of four decades, were divided into three samples of 204 (tested between 1954 and 1956), 441 (tested between 1966 and 1968), and 289 (tested between 1996 and 1998) undergraduates. Comparison of the loadings of the 48 MARS items on the foregoing four factors, across the three samples drawn from three separate populations, yielded median stability coefficients (Pearson rs) ranging between .85 and .96.     

Venturesomeness, impulsiveness, and Eysenck's personality dimensions: a study among Australian adolescents

In Eysenckian personality theory, the dimension extraversion has traditionally consisted of two elements, sociability and impulsiveness. More recently, however, impulsiveness has become associated with the dimension psychoticism (Rocklin & Revelle, 1981), although subfactors of impulsiveness have been shown to be differentially related to extraversion and psychoticism (S. Eysenck & H. Eysenck, 1977). This study investigates the structures of impulsiveness and venturesomeness and their association with extraversion, emotional stability-neuroticism, and psychoticism among 170 Australian adolescents. Both impulsiveness and venturesomeness were found to be multidimensional, although the subfactors differed slightly from those suggested by the Eysencks. No support was found for the view that impulsiveness narrowly defined is pathological, although the impulsiveness and venturesomeness subfactors were found to be differentially related to extraversion, emotional stability-neuroticism, and psychoticism. The theoretical implications of these findings are briefly discussed.     

Psychopathological symptoms, social skills, and personality traits: a study with adolescents

The purpose of this study is two-fold: (a) to study the concomitant relationships between psychopathological symptoms, cooperation, social skills, and other personality traits; and (b) to identify the predictive variables of psychopathological symptoms. The sample consists of 322 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years old. This study uses correlational methodology. In order to assess psychopathological symptoms, cooperation, social skills, and personality traits, the following scales are used: the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1983), the Cooperativeness Scale (CS; Rigby, Cox, and Black, 1997), the MESSY social skills scale (Matson, Rotatori, and Helsel, 1983), and the TPT Personality Test (Corral, Pamos, Pere?a, and& Seisdedos, 2002). Pearson coefficients suggest that adolescents with many psychopathological symptoms have low levels of cooperative behaviors and social skills. They also score high in inappropriate assertiveness, impulsiveness, overconfidence, and jealousy-withdrawal and have low levels of emotional stability, sociability, and responsibility. Through multiple regression analyses, the following variables were identified as predictors of psychopathological symptoms: jealousy-withdrawal, low social integration, impulsiveness, and low self-concept. The role played by intervention programs promoting socio-emotional development to prevent psychopathological symptoms and enhance mental health is discussed.