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1.
David Isles 《Studia Logica》2010,96(1):49-64
If the collection of models for the axioms
\mathfrakA{\mathfrak{A}} of elementary number theory (Peano arithmetic) is enlarged to include not just the “natural numbers” or their non-standard
infinitistic extensions but also what are here called “primitive recursive notations”, questions arise about the reliability
of first-order derivations from
\mathfrakA{\mathfrak{A}}. In this enlarged set of “models” some derivations usually accepted as “reliable” may be problematic. This paper criticizes
two of these derivations which claim, respectively, to establish the totality of exponentiation and to prove Euclid’s theorem
about the infinity of primes. 相似文献
2.
Qiyong Guo 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2006,1(2):185-203
The representatives of modern Neo-Confucianism all greatly value Yi Zhuan and regard it as one of their spiritual resources, and give their own creative interpretations and transformations. Xiong
Shili’s ontological-cosmological theory takes “qian yuan” as its center; Ma Yifu has a theory of ontology-cultivation centered
on “nature-principle”; Fang Dongmei has a metaphysics of production and reproduction; Mou Zongsan takes the view of “completely
knowing the fathomless and understanding transformation” as a moral metaphysics; and in Tang Junyi there is a theory of the
harmony of doctrines on Heaven and man in which “the knowledge of divine understanding” is its key concept. They employ modern
philosophical concepts and thinking to illustrate the cosmology, ontology, theory of life, theory of human nature, theory
of spiritual worlds, axiology and their connections in Zhou Yi. They affirm that the characteristics of Chinese philosophy that are different from Western philosophy consist in a naturalist
view of vital life, a harmonious view of totality, an axiological view that values exist in natural universe and the world
of fact, the pursuit of Good and Beauty, and intuitive experience of inner world.
__________
Translated from Zhou Yi Yanjiu 周易研究 (Zhou Yi Studies), 2004 (4) by Hao Changchi 相似文献
3.
The reference class problem is your problem too 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Alan Hájek 《Synthese》2007,156(3):563-585
The reference class problem arises when we want to assign a probability to a proposition (or sentence, or event) X, which may be classified in various ways, yet its probability can change depending on how it is classified. The problem is
usually regarded as one specifically for the frequentist interpretation of probability and is often considered fatal to it.
I argue that versions of the classical, logical, propensity and subjectivist interpretations also fall prey to their own variants
of the reference class problem. Other versions of these interpretations apparently evade the problem. But I contend that they
are all “no-theory” theories of probability - accounts that leave quite obscure why probability should function as a guide
to life, a suitable basis for rational inference and action. The reference class problem besets those theories that are genuinely
informative and that plausibly constrain our inductive reasonings and decisions.
I distinguish a “metaphysical” and an “epistemological” reference class problem. I submit that we can dissolve the former
problem by recognizing that probability is fundamentally a two-place notion: conditional probability is the proper primitive
of probability theory. However, I concede that the epistemological problem remains. 相似文献
4.
Philip Kremer 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2010,39(4):345-367
In The Revision Theory of Truth (MIT Press), Gupta and Belnap (1993) claim as an advantage of their approach to truth “its consequence that truth behaves like an ordinary classical concept
under certain conditions—conditions that can roughly be characterized as those in which there is no vicious reference in the
language.” To clarify this remark, they define Thomason models, nonpathological models in which truth behaves like a classical concept, and investigate conditions under which a
model is Thomason: they argue that a model is Thomason when there is no vicious reference in it. We extend their investigation,
considering notions of nonpathologicality and senses of “no vicious reference” generated both by revision theories of truth
and by fixed-point theories of truth. We show that some of the fixed-point theories have an advantage analogous to that which
Gupta and Belnap claim for their approach, and that at least one revision theory does not. This calls into question the claim
that the revision theories have a distinctive advantage in this regard. 相似文献
5.
The theory of branching space-times is designed as a rigorous framework for modelling indeterminism in a relativistically
sound way. In that framework there is room for “funny business”, i.e., modal correlations such as occur through quantum-mechanical
entanglement. This paper extends previous work by Belnap on notions of “funny business”. We provide two generalized definitions
of “funny business”. Combinatorial funny business can be characterized as “absence of prima facie consistent scenarios”, while explanatory funny business characterizes situations in which no localized explanation of inconsistency can be given. These two definitions of funny
business are proved to be equivalent, and we provide an example that shows them to be strictly more general than the previously
available definitions of “funny business”. 相似文献
6.
崔大华 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(3):309-321
The Confucian idea of “ming 命 (destiny)” holds that in the course and culmination of human life, there exists some objective certainty that is both transcendent
and beyond human control. This is a concept of ultimate concern at the transcendental theoretical level in Confucianism. During
its historical development, Confucianism has constantly offered humanist interpretations of the idea of “destiny”, thinking
that the transcendence of “destiny” lies inherently within the qi endowment and virtues of human beings, that the certainty of “destiny” is in essence contingency at the beginning of life
and linear irreversibility towards its end, and that to live in light of ethics and physical rules — having a “commitment
to human affairs” — means putting “destiny” into practice. As all these facts show, the Confucian ultimate concern regarding
human life is full of rational awareness.
__________
Translated by Huang Deyuan from Kongzi yanjiu 孔子研究 (Study on Confucius), 2008, (2): 4–11 相似文献
7.
Testing Structural Models of DSM-IV Symptoms of Common Forms of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Lahey BB Rathouz PJ Van Hulle C Urbano RC Krueger RF Applegate B Garriock HA Chapman DA Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(2):187-206
Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) symptoms of common mental disorders derived from structured interviews of a representative sample
of 4,049 twin children and adolescents and their adult caretakers. A dimensional model based on the assignment of symptoms
to syndromes in DSM-IV fit better than alternative models, but some dimensions were highly correlated. Modest sex and age
differences in factor loadings and correlations were found that suggest that the dimensions of psychopathology are stable
across sex and age, but slightly more differentiated at older ages and in males. The dimensions of symptoms were found to
be hierarchically organized within higher-order “externalizing” and “internalizing” dimensions, which accounted for much of
their variance. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder were substantially correlated with both the “externalizing”
dimension and the “internalizing” dimension, however, suggesting the need to reconceptualize the nature of these higher-order
dimensions. 相似文献
8.
This article analyses the different connotations of “normality” and “being natural,” bringing together the theoretical discussion
from both human medicine and veterinary medicine. We show how the interpretations of the concepts in the different areas could
be mutually fruitful. It appears that the conceptions of “natural” are more elaborate in veterinary medicine, and can be of
value to human medicine. In particular they can nuance and correct conceptions of nature in human medicine that may be too
idealistic. Correspondingly, the wide ranging conceptions of “normal” in human medicine may enrich conceptions in veterinary
medicine, where the discussions seem to be sparse. We do not argue that conceptions from veterinary medicine should be used in human medicine and vice versa, but only that it could be done and that it may well be fruitful. Moreover, there are overlaps between some notions of normal and natural, and further conceptual analysis on this
overlap is needed. 相似文献
9.
We investigate the discrete (finite) case of the Popper–Renyi theory of conditional probability, introducing discrete conditional probabilistic models for knowledge and conditional belief, and comparing them with the more standard plausibility models. We also consider a related notion, that of safe belief, which is a weak (non-negatively introspective) type of “knowledge”. We develop a probabilistic version of this concept (“degree
of safety”) and we analyze its role in games. We completely axiomatize the logic of conditional belief, knowledge and safe
belief over conditional probabilistic models. We develop a theory of probabilistic dynamic belief revision, introducing probabilistic
“action models” and proposing a notion of probabilistic update product, that comes together with appropriate reduction laws. 相似文献
10.
Nick Bostrom 《Synthese》2007,157(1):59-78
The Sleeping Beauty problem is test stone for theories about self- locating belief, i.e. theories about how we should reason
when data or theories contain indexical information. Opinion on this problem is split between two camps, those who defend
the “1/2 view” and those who advocate the “1/3 view”. I argue that both these positions are mistaken. Instead, I propose a
new “hybrid” model, which avoids the faults of the standard views while retaining their attractive properties. This model
appears to violate Bayesian conditionalization, but I argue that this is not the case. By paying close attention to the details of
conditionalization in contexts where indexical information is relevant, we discover that the hybrid model is in fact consistent
with Bayesian kinematics. If the proposed model is correct, there are important lessons for the study of self-location, observation
selection theory, and anthropic reasoning. 相似文献
11.
Much of the effort put into discovering or defining the nature of technology has been along “party lines,” for example, either
favoring technology or not. Although there is a clear divergence in the stand that various authors take with respect to this
topic, I believe they share a common assumption, namely, that there is such a thing as “the essence” or “nature” of technology. My claim in this paper is that the broad use to which we put the
term “technology” is better understood on the model of “family resemblance,” a model put forward by Ludwig Wittgenstein, than
it is on models that utilize the notion of “essence” or “nature.” Not only does the family resemblance model serve us better
in understanding the wide variety of uses of the term, but it also helps to ameliorate the antipathy between the parties that
their discussions often invoke. 相似文献
12.
Fernando Birman 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2009,40(2):207-225
The literature on physicalism often fails to elucidate, I think, what the word physical in physicalism precisely means. Philosophers speak at times of an ideal set of fundamental physical facts, or they stipulate that physical means non-mental, such that all fundamental physical facts are fundamental facts pertaining to the non-mental. In this article, I will probe
physicalism in the very much tangible framework of quantum mechanics. Although this theory, unlike “ideal physics” or some
“final theory of non-mentality”, is an incomplete theory of the world, I believe this analysis will be of value, if for nothing
else, at least for bringing some taste of physical reality, as it were, back to the debate. First, I will introduce a broad
characterization of the physicalist credo. In Sect. 2, I will provide a rather quick review of quantum mechanics and some of its current interpretations. In Sect. 3, the notion of quantum non-separability will be analyzed, which will facilitate a discussion of the wave function ontology
in Sect. 4. In Sects. 5 and 6, I will explore competing views on the implications of this ontology. In Sect. 7, I will argue that the prior results, based on a thoroughly realist interpretation of quantum mechanics, support only a weak
version of non-reductive physicalism. 相似文献
13.
李景林 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2009,4(2):198-210
Feng Youlan emphasizes the concept of “creativity” in his article “Explanation of Mencius’ Chapter on Strong, Moving Vital
Force”, in particular highlighting the problem whether the “strong, moving vital force” is “innate” or “acquired”. Cheng Hao
and Zhu Xi believed the “strong, moving vital force” was endowed by Heaven, so was therefore innate; “nourishment” cleared
fog and allowed one to “recover one’s original nature”. Mencius’ theory on “the good of human nature” is illustrated in the
concept of integrated “original endowment”. So Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory of “recovering the original nature” proposed
that the “strong, moving vital force” was innate, which is in complete agreement with Mencius and of which there is ample
evidence in Mencius. However, “nature” is “created by the accumulation of righteousness”. Namely, it is the completion and presentation of the
process of creation and transformation of human beings. Only when we consider both Cheng Hao and Zhu Xi’s theory and Feng
Youlan’s theory can we fully understand Mencius’ theory of “the nourishment of the strong, moving vital force”, which is of
great theoretical and academic value in accurately understanding Mencius and the Confucian theory of mind-nature.
Translated by Lei Yongqiang from Shehui kexue zhanxian 社会科学战线 (Social Science Front), 2007, (5):12–16 相似文献
14.
Patsy Tremayne Ph.D. Robert J. Barry Ph.D. D.Sc. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1990,25(3):132-141
The development of orienting response (OR) theory has not been accompanied by many applications of the concept—most research
still appears to be lab-based and “pure,” rather than “applied.” We present some examples from our own work in which the OR
perspective has been applied in a wider context. These cover the exploration of processing deficits in autistic children,
aspects of the “repression” of anxiety in elite athletes, and the locus of alcohol effects. Such applications of the OR concept
in real-life situations seem a logical and, indeed,necessary step in the evolution of this area of psychophysiology.
With a Comment by E. N. Sokolov 相似文献
15.
Chun-Chieh Huang 《Dao》2010,9(2):211-223
This article discusses the “contextual turn” in the interpretation of Chinese classics: the contextuality of Confucian classics
in China was latent, tacit, and almost imperceptible; however, it became salient and explicit once the Confucian classics
were introduced to Tokugawa Japan. Many a Japanese Confucian took ideas and values expressed in the Chinese classics and transplanted
them into the context of Japanese politics and thoughts, in light of which the Japanese scholars staked out new interpretations
of the classics. This “contextual turn” involved issues of two levels: the material political order (especially the Chinese-barbarian
distinction) and the abstract political thought (especially the ruler-subject relation). It is pointed out that the Chinese
empire was the Japanese Confucians’ “political foreign country” and “cultural homeland,” and the tension was evidenced by
their interpretations of the term “Zhong’guo” appearing in the Confucian classics. The usual strategy adopted by the Japanese
Confucians in interpreting Chinese classics was to “de-contextualize” them and then to “re-contextualize” them in their own
Japanese environment. 相似文献
16.
Tomasz Szkudlarek 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):113-125
In this text I concentrate on semiotic aspects of the theory of political identity in the work of Ernesto Laclau, and especially
on the connection between metaphors, metonymies, catachreses and synecdoches. Those tropes are of ontological status, and
therefore they are of key importance in understanding the discursive “production” of identity in political and educational
practices. I use the conceptions of both Laclau and Eco to elucidate the operation of this structure, and illustrate it with
an example of the emergence of the “Solidarność” movement in Poland, expanding its analysis provided by Laclau. I focus on
the moment when one of particular demands assumes the representation of totality, which, in Laclau, is left to “circumstantial”
determination. This moment inspires several questions and needs to be given special attention if Laclau’s theory is to be
used in theory of education. It is so because theory of education cannot remain on the level of the ontological (which is
the core of Laclau’s achievement), but has to theorize “non-ontological” dimensions as well, that is the ontic (i.e. “content”
of education), the deontic (duty, obligation, and the normative in general), as well as what I call the deontological—the very relation between “what there is” and “what there is not” (including that which should be) as the locus of education. 相似文献
17.
Andries G. van Aarde 《Pastoral Psychology》1997,45(6):451-472
The historical Jesus grew up as a fatherless son. The aim of this article is to focus on two issues. It is argued that Jesus'
fatherlessness should be taken into account when one considers his social identification. Secondly, a social-scientific explanation
is given of his a-patriarchal ethos, his behavior towards endangered women and children, and especially his trust in God as
his “Abba.” The theory of identification which is regarded as a model for interpretation of the data is the so-called “status
envy hypothesis.”
This paper was presented at the SBL International Meeting, Dublin, July 21–24, 1996. 相似文献
18.
19.
Gary L. St. C. Oates 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(4):415-441
The viability of five prominent explanations for the black–white performance gap (“academic engagement,” “cultural capital,”
“social capital,” “school quality” and “biased treatment”) is examined using NELS data and a LISREL model that adjusts for
clustering of students within schools. Empirical models have typically assessed these factors individually—a practice that probably fosters overestimation of their explanatory power. School quality and biased treatment emerge as
the primary explanations for black–white high school test performance differentials. Access to better-quality schools and
receipt of more stimulating interpersonal “signals” from gatekeepers ensue from racial (and socioeconomic) privilege. Enhanced
test performance in turn ensues from these resources. In essence, the explanations for the racial gap that place more emphasis
on what black and white students “bring to” high school (i.e., specific levels of engagement, cultural and social capital),
seem less consequential to performance differentials than “what happens to” them when they get there (i.e., quality of education
provided, and race-contingent treatment received). 相似文献
20.
Frank Lemmens Denise de Ridder Ph.D. Peter van Lieshout Ph.D. 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》1994,24(4):245-257
Both researchers and therapists stress the importance of integrating different forms of psychotherapy. Integration may be
achieved in three ways. Supporters of the “empirical strategy” believe that more research is the solution. Followers of the
“conceptual strategy” try to theorize on psychotherapy using psychological and sociological concepts. Other researchers see
a “linguistic strategy” as the way to achieving a better understanding of psychotherapy. Whether any of these strategies will
enable us to increase our insight into psychotherapy is questionable. All focus on technical aspects, that is, on the means
to achieve effects. Yet, therapeutic effects cannot be understood unless they are interconnected with diagnostics. This paper
argues that an integrated theory should be developed which includes diagnostics and treatment and which is supported by a
theory on psychological (dys)functioning. 相似文献