蒙学典籍的道德背反性省察

蒙学典籍是传统道德文化的重要载体,既内蕴丰富的道德教育资源,也含有道德解约的自我背反性.由于经济社会的历史性发展,蒙学典籍立论的道德信念及其基本规范已不适应当代社会道德教育的要求,资之以蒙学典籍进行的少儿道德教育不宜采取全盘灌输方式.蒙学典籍教育中出现的"有用却又不能搬用"的矛盾和困境,呼唤传统道德文化教育的理论和方法的创新.     

激发道德情感与投身道德实践辩证统一——道德教育途径的新探析

道德教育的效果是道德教育的一个至关重要的问题。传统的道德教育模式过分重视道德知识的灌输,而忽视了道德主体精神的自觉,导致道德情感的冷漠,教育的效果不佳。因此,要提高道德教育的效果必须从激发主体自身的道德情感入手,而道德情感的激发又必须鼓励主体积极参与道德实践。     

道德信仰及其培育的基本理路

当前道德领域突出问题与长期忽视道德信仰的培育和倡导直接相关。道德信仰是人们对社会倡导的道德标准和行为准则所持的极度信赖和遵从的稳定的心理状态及行为倾向,具有整合道德品质的功能。道德治理是道德信仰养成的现实前提;道德信仰是道德治理的精神基础。道德信仰培育,需要在正确认识和理解其极端重要性的前提下,立足于培养人对于道德的尊重和敬畏感,把创新道德教育和厉行道德治理有机地结合起来。     

道德教育之道德的内容结构探讨

道德教育的根本宗旨应是培养既愿做又会做"道德人"的"道德人",这就要求道德教育之道德的内容应是由道德知识、特定社会的道德现实、主体的道德能力构成的有机统一体,不作如是观,道德教育培养的"道德人"便只是"道德书生",在道德实践中可能会因缺乏道德实践能力而时常陷入道德悖论的"困惑"之中,进而可能背离愿意做"道德人"的初衷,转而渐渐不愿做"道德人".构建合理的道德教育之道德的内容结构,需要厘清基本理路,作多方面的认知创新.     

道德社会化探析

本文在对道德社会化几种理论进行简要评析的基础上,提出道德社会化的基本内容包括认同道德规范、明晰道德关系、形成道德人格;实现道德社会化的基本途径包括社会的道德教育和个体的道德修养.     

近十年我国道德学习研究的反思

近十年来,伴随着重教还是重学的论争,我国道德教育已经完成了由道德培养论向道德学习论的时代转型,对道德学习的理论分析与实践探究已成为道德教育研究甚至教育研究的热点和亮点。道德学习研究取得了哪些进展,还存在着哪些问题,进一步研究的对策与趋向是什么,对这些问题进行深入的反思性研究,不仅有助于道德教育科学性和实效性的提升,而且有助于中国特色社会主义道德教育理论体系的构建和完善。     

论中国传统道德的当代价值

中国传统道德具有与社会政治紧密结合 ,坚持群体为本位 ,突出主体地位等特征。“公”、“忠”、“义”、“仁爱”、“中和”、“孝慈”、“廉洁”、“勤俭”等德目与当代社会主义道德之间有着许多相通之处。对这些反映社会运行一般规律 ,具有一般理论意义和超时代价值的内容应当进行发掘、梳理 ,以充实和丰富当代社会主义思想道德体系。     

全球生命伦理学:共识的瓦解(上)——对全球性道德的探求:生命伦理学,文化战争和道德多样性

探究道德差异的核心问题以及哪种道德意见被我们采纳,比如为了建立医疗保健伦理模式与决策方法比较传统与后传统、家族本位与个人本位之间的关系。考虑到以道德多元化定义当代人类处境,关于卫生保健政策和生命法则的反思是明智的。这个反思强调了俗世伦理学的道德多元化和为对自由和责任进行俗世化思考的结论之间分歧的意义。     

论环境道德警示教育

警示教育既是环境道德教育的内容 ,也是实施环境道德教育的手段和途径 ,它有助于环境道德认识的内化、生态忧患意识的催化、环境道德观念的强化和环境道德行为的良化。警示教育必须坚持正面教育与警告提示相结合、重点警示与一般劝导相结合、法规惩治与制度引导相结合和社会警示与学校训导相结合的原则。     

中国古代社会道德践行机制及其当代价值探析

中国传统优秀道德文化蕴含着现代道德建设的丰富营养,它能为社会转型时期的中国提供一种道德文化资源。如何将传统优秀道德文化价值最大化,并建立优序良俗的社会秩序提供道德层面的基础,关涉到中国传统优秀道德在当代如何践行的问题。传统优秀道德文化的现代传承需要稳定的道德规范践行机制。古代社会道德规范的践行机制主要表现为三个方面:道德合法性的论证说明机制;有教无类、立德树人的道德教育和考核机制;崇贤明、举孝廉的道德推举评价机制。古代社会的道德践行机制为传统优秀道德文化的现代传承提供了可资借鉴的理论资源。     

Moral expertise

We offer a theory of moral expertise based on an updated version of the Thomistic concept of habitus. We maintain that mature moral control arises from internalized standards of belief married to corresponding actions; the result is moral expertise. Beliefs and actions (conceptualized as habitus) coalesce in a moral identity, which is then sustained by the beliefs and actions that comprise the habitus; what we do affects who we are and what we believe, just as what we believe guides what we do. In support of these claims, we examine recent research on moral judgment, moral identity, and moral emotions.     

秦汉时代之匈奴道德生活

秦汉时代,匈奴的道德生活在道德原则上奉行以生存为指南的功利主义原则,并形成了相应的道德风尚;在道德原则和道德规范的创新方面,冒顿具有杰出的贡献;在处理民族关系和阶级关系方面,他们的道德行为往往远离正义原则;在权力的继承和分配方面,由于缺少相应的道德规范和道德教育对之调节,使他们长期陷入内斗之中;在与汉民族的长期交往中,他们的道德生活也染上了相当的汉族道德色彩。     

关于道德唤起与道德行为关系的实验研究

本文通过一个关于测验作弊的实验研究,揭示了道德唤起与道德行为之间存在的一定关系,即不同的道德唤起水平会对道德行为产生一定的影响。通过实验后的个别访谈,我们分析了道德认知、道德情感与道德唤起之间的关系。最后,我们提出了本实验研究的不足之处和可能存在的后续研究。     

The Ethical Perspective: An Identity Theory of the Psychological Influences on Moral Choice

The 2008 Presidential Address presents the theory of ethical perspective, an identity theory of moral psychology designed to detect the psychological influences on moral choice. Part 1 treats findings on altruism and genocide as an analytical lens through which we can gain insight into political and moral behavior. Part 2 describes moral psychology as a field, presenting a new and broader conceptualization for the discipline. Part 3 outlines an identity theory of moral choice that focuses on the critical role of the ethical perspective, to suggest how an empirically based theory of moral choice looks in practice. Part 4 concentrates on the basic assumptions underlying the theory of ethical perspective. It presents empirical evidence that supports this theoretical framework, from fields as diverse as neuroscience and primatology to child development and linguistics, thus demonstrating political psychology's important links to other disciplines. In addition to presenting a new theory of moral psychology, designed to fill an important gap in the literature on ethics and moral choice, the Address treats studies of altruism and genocide as an illustration of research that reveals broader insight into the nature of political psychology as a discipline.     

The Moral Foreign-Language Effect

Many have argued that moral judgment is driven by one of two types of processes. Rationalists argue that reasoned processes are the source of moral judgments, whereas sentimentalists argue that emotional processes are. We provide evidence that both positions are mistaken; there are multiple mental processes involved in moral judgment, and it is possible to manipulate which process is engaged when considering moral dilemmas by presenting them in a non-native language. The Foreign-Language Effect (FLE) is the activation of systematic reasoning processes by thinking in a foreign language. We demonstrate that the FLE extends to moral judgment. This indicates that different types of processes can lead to the formation of differing moral judgments. One implication of the FLE is that it raises the possibility that moral judgments can be made more systematic, and that the type of processing used to form them might be relevant to normative and applied ethics.     

Moral masquerades: Experimental exploration of the nature of moral motivation

Why do people act morally – when they do? Moral philosophers and psychologists often assume that acting morally in the absence of incentives or sanctions is a product of a desire to uphold one or another moral principle (e.g., fairness). This form of motivation might be called moral integrity because the goal is to actually be moral. In a series of experiments designed to explore the nature of moral motivation, colleagues and I have found little evidence of moral integrity. We have found considerable evidence of a different form of moral motivation, moral hypocrisy. The goal of moral hypocrisy is to appear moral yet, if possible, avoid the cost of being moral. To fully reach the goal of moral hypocrisy requires self-deception, and we have found evidence of that as well. Strengthening moral integrity is difficult. Even effects of moral perspective taking – imagining yourself in the place of the other (as recommended by the Golden Rule) – appear limited, further contributing to the moral masquerade.     

Moral emotions and the development of the moral self in childhood

Researchers have been emphasizing the importance of moral emotions for young children's moral self. However, the relationship between children's moral self and moral emotions has never been investigated empirically. The present study examined the relationship between children's self-representations about (im)moral behaviour and moral emotions attributions in a sample of 132 elementary-school children (M _age = 8.39 years, SD = 2.50). Participants were presented a newly developed moral self measure, along with a measure of moral emotion attributions. Two dimensions of children's moral self-concept were identified: preference for prosocial behaviour and avoidance of antisocial behaviour. Results revealed a slight decrease in preference for prosocial behaviour with age, as well as an increased correlation between preference for prosocial behaviour and moral emotion attributions. Overall, findings suggest that moral emotions do not play a pivotal role for young children's moral self-concept. Children's moral self-concept becomes increasingly coordinated with moral emotions as they approach adolescence.     

论道德评价中的几个基本理论问题

道德评价是人们依据一定社会的道德价值标准,通过社会舆论和内心信念对他人或自己的思想和行为进行善恶价值判断,以表明褒贬态度的道德活动。道德评价所形成的社会舆论直接作用于行为主体的思想和行为活动,对行为主体的道德行为选择将产生非常重要的影响。如何科学、客观地对人们的行为活动予以道德评判,必须澄清几个基本的理论问题:一是关于道德评价的标准问题;二是关于道德评价的依据问题;三是关于道德评价的权重问题;四是关于道德评价的方法问题。     

道德判断中的性别差异研究

通过问卷形式呈现给被试道德两难故事,对491名大学生的道德判断进行了研究,发现：1）人类道德判断存在着结果主义和非结果主义两种不同的倾向;2）在小范围内道德判断可能存在性别差异,但在大多数情况下,男女道德判断是极其相似的;3）男女道德判断的性别差异更大程度上是研究所假设的情境引起的,而不是真正的道德判断差异。     

青少年道德判断能力的研究

德国道德心理学家林德提出“道德行为与发展的双面理论”,并设计了著名的“道德判断测验”,在20多年的研究中取得了很多重要成果。我们以中文版的“道德判断测验”为测量工具,以724名12-27岁青少年学生为被试进行实证研究,研究结果表明:学生的C分数随年级提高而有所提高,但不同年级之间有一定波动,说明学校教育有助于提高学生的道德判断能力,但存在不稳定因素。男女生C分数不存在显著差异,学校内部各年级之间也不存在显著差异,不同性质的学生之间不存在显著差异;