政治心理学的争辩议题述评

作为政治学与心理学的交叉学科, 政治心理学在欧美学界的发展逐步走向成熟。作者详细归纳了政治心理学学科发展史和理论史上的争辩议题, 包括政治心理学与理性的关系问题, 政治心理学的主导范式与分散化关系问题, 政治心理学解释的性情和情境取向的分歧问题, 政治学路径还是心理学路径的平衡问题, 以及文化因素如何影响政治心理的问题。最后, 作者讨论了中国政治心理学研究如何看待文化差异问题、文化与理性的关系等问题。     

十年来中国心理学基本理论与心理学史研究的进展

(1)主要进展:有重点地开展了一系列基本理论问题的探讨;中国心理学史研究的成果丰硕;西方心理学的研究成果显著;苏联心理学的研究有所进展;潘菽心理学思想的研究有了良好的开端。 (2)几个主要理论问题的研究:心理学与辩证唯物主义哲学的关系;心理的实质;心理发展的矛盾和动力;心理与活动、实践的关系;意识与无意识;心理活动基本范畴的划分;个性;中国心理学史(如范畴、比较、继承、计量等问题的研究);西方心理学的评价(如对人本主义心理学、精神分析、皮亚杰发生认识论和认知心理学的评价)。 (3)今后努力的方向:自觉坚持辩证唯物主义哲学的指导;坚持理论联系实际的学风;大力加强中国心理学的研究;坚持博采众长、洋为中用的方针;进一步提高基本理论工作者的素质。     

从西方理论心理学的崛起看中国理论心理学发展——兼论中国理论心理学建构

心理学能够从对实证资料积累的追求中解放出来,转而注重学科自身的理论反思与理论建构,是心理科学逐渐走向成熟的一种表现。随着西方理论心理学的崛起,中国心理学理论研究也逐渐得到重视,出现很多有价值的理论成果,但在心理学元理论和实体理论的建设上,仍旧过度依赖欧美心理学,原创性的元理论和实体理论几乎没有。在研究的规模、研究领域、研究水准、研究方法乃至研究从业者数量上的差距也使中国理论心理学发展显得步履维艰。然而,西方理论心理学的崛起却可以给中国理论心理学发展带来重要启示,在对中国理论心理学建构过程中,要积极对国外理论心理学的理论思维和理论研究方法进行筛淘,加强原创性的理论建设,处理好理论与实践、引进与创新、反思和建构的关系。     

试论心理与实践的历史发展观点

关于心理与活动的关系问题,是心理学的基本理论问题之一,在心理学的发展历史中,许多心理学家进行了研究,存在各种不同的看法,进行着激烈的争辩,有时,正是在这个问题上,他们分成各种不同的、甚至是对立的派别。内省心理学只研究人们内部的主观世界,认为只有意识才是心理学研究的对象。与此相对立,行为主义心理学认为     

文化心理学的跨学科运用——以跨文化传播研究为例

文化心理学是最近二三十年来心理学中发展最快的领域之一,作为一门典型的交叉学科,它有人类学、心理学、传播学等多种学科取向,是一门有胸怀、有气度、能包容的学科。文化心理学与跨文化传播研究诞生在相同的社会历史文化背景中,拥有共同的学科渊源,这种天然的关系决定了跨文化传播研究中运用文化心理学的正当性、必然性。文化心理学的全球化研究视角为跨文化传播研究提供了参照; 文化的观念、文化适应理论、文化敏感性和文化冲突理论等文化心理学的概念和理论为跨文化传播研究提供了理论支撑; 文化心理学还为跨文化传播现象和问题的具体研究提供了分析工具。反之,跨文化传播研究不仅为文化心理学提供了鲜活的案例,还为其理论建构提供了重要资源。     

教育心理学的困境与出路——全人教育取向教育心理学的构想

本文旨在从学校教育目的与教育心理学角色功能关系的观点,分析探讨以下三个问题:(1)科学心理学诞生之前,教育心理学的理念与教育理想间的手段与目的的密切关系早已存在;西方如是,中国尤然。何以在教育心理学研究科学化与学校教育制度化之后,两者间的关系反而愈形疏远?(2)近百年来科学心理学发展迅速,且学派众多,理论纷歧;此现象对教育心理学的发展取向产生了什么样的影响?     

有关拓扑心理学的几个理论问题

勒温的心理学理论与思想在当代心理学的发展中具有很大的影响,本文对勒温心理学思想的来源作了一定的研究,并针对其理论中的重点:人与环境、物理宇宙与心理宇宙,以及可能运动的空间等问题进行了分析和讨论。作者希望能通过此文以引起国内同行对勒温心理学的注意和重视。     

心理学应该引进实践概念

心理和实践的关系问题,是心理学研究中一个极其重要的理论问题,也是至今没有得到很好地解决的一个问题。正确认识和处理心理与实践的关系,对心理学的健康发展具有重大的意义。传统的内省意识心理学,把心理看成一种特殊的、自我封闭的内部过程,脱离开实践孤立地研究心理。行为主义心理学则排除心理而孤立地研究行为。他们都不知道心理     

心理学解释的层次与衔接问题

心理学解释(psychological explanation)及其相关问题的探讨,是当代心理学哲学的一个重要论域,也是心理学方法论的核心理论问题。对心理现象的本质、特征及其作用机制的探讨,历来是哲学家与科学家孜孜以求的共同事业。在从不同视角、基点、逻辑理路对心灵及其与大脑的关系进行探析的过程当中,形成了不同的研究范式、概念框架和解释原则。我们既可以从较高的、个人的解释层次     

西方有关父母教养方式与青少年问题行为关系的理论及其研究综述

对父母教养方式和青少年问题行为之间关系的研究主要集中在西方心理学和社会学界,国内在此领域内的理论探讨和经验性研究都很缺乏。本文对近五十年来西方在父母教养方式和青少年问题行为发展之间的关系上的几种主要理论模型及部分经验性研究进行了客观的回顾,简要介绍了双因素论(危险性因素与保护性因素)、社会控制理论、社会背景模型和强制模型。     

文化与心理--研究维果茨基文化历史理论的现代意义

维果茨基文化历史理论对当今研究文化与心理关系问题的启示在于：坚持唯物的辨证方法论是研究文化与心理关系问题的基础;创造性地以符号为中介,以符号作为高级心理机能社会文化历史理论的基础,使文化与心理之间有了联系的桥梁;“实验发生法”为当今实验的生态有效性研究奠定了理论基础;强调从文化的维度来解释人的心理的产生和发展,推动了西方心理学的文化转向;强调社会文化对人的心理发展的决定作用,为心理学的后现代建构提供了理论基础。     

An Overview of Joseph Sandler's Key Contributions to Theoretical and Clinical Psychoanalysis

Joseph Sandler was instrumental in bringing about what Ogden (1992) has termed the “quiet revolution” in psychoanalytic theory over the past several decades. His accomplishments reflected his capacity to combine empirical research skills with the highest order of understanding of psychoanalytic theory. From the more traditional frame of reference acquired through his analytic training, Sandler gradually evolved a complex integration of ego psychology and object relations theory that has become increasingly dominant. Throughout this process, Sandler strove to keep theory tied to clinical activity. While most analysts pay lip service to the intimate relationship of theory and practice, Sandler, using the Hampstead Psychoanalytic Index as his framework, researched the applicability of psychoanalytic concepts to the clinical setting. This resulted in reconceptualizations of some of the basic building blocks of psychoanalysis. His training as an experimental psychologist gave him a fresh perspective on traditional concepts, which he supported and altered on the basis of empirical research. His immersion in child development at the Anna Freud Centre also influenced his intellectual development.     

Attachment and Religious Beliefs––Attachment Styles in Evangelical Christians

Attachment styles, interpersonal problems, and personality variables were identified in male members of two German charismatic Christian congregations. To assess attachment styles and interpersonal relations, a semi-structured attachment interview was applied. In addition, self report measures focusing on aspects of self concept, self regulation, and interpersonal problems were used and analysed in relation to attachment styles. Significant differences were found between the investigated group and corresponding norm samples in a number of measures related to interpersonal problems, self regulation, and self concept. Focussing on attachment styles, the results are compared with findings of the literature and discussed accordingly. Dr Ross is a clinical psychologist working mainly in the field of forensic psychology and psychotherapy. At the University of Ulm, Germany, he holds the position of a research fellow. He studied psychology and clinical psychology at the Universities of Freiburg, Germany, and Edinburgh, Scotland. His main research interests are: offender treatment and rehabilitation, risk assessment and risk prediction, migration studies, human attachment, the psychology of religion. He has been involved in a large scale thematic network study funded by the European Commission and devised or participated various other research projects on all abovementioned research areas.     

The Emotional Development Scale: Assessing the Emotional Capacity of 4–12 Year Olds

The practice of assessing children’s emotional development based on a theoretical foundation of attachment theory, developmental psychology, and brain research is fast developing within the field of clinical psychology and family social work. The Emotional Development Scale (EDS) has been developed to assess the current emotional functioning level of 4–12 year olds within the theoretical framework of neuroaffective developmental psychology. Included in the pilot study were eight family treatment centers in Denmark, with 36 families participating. The psychometric investigation included analyses of interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency, while construct validity was analyzed by correlating EDS results between referred and nonreferred groups. The analysis between nonreferred and referred groups was based on the data from the empirical study and a preliminary ad hoc sample from Hogrefe Ltd. (n = 213). We concluded the EDS appears to be a reliable and partially valid tool that could aid in assessing the emotional development of 4–12 year olds. Further research on psychometric properties and clinical application of EDS is needed.     

行为决策理论之父：纪念Edwards教授2周年忌辰

著名心理学家W ard Edwards对行为决策的学科形成与理论发展作出了巨大贡献。文章简要介绍了Edwards的生平,以主观期望效用模型和贝叶斯决策为核心回顾了Edwards的决策理论、主要成就及其对行为决策研究的学术贡献。文章并从行为决策领域的研究、科普、应用及人才培养等方面总结了中国行为决策研究的发展历程,以及Edwards的学术思想对中国行为决策研究的主要影响。文章展望了行为决策研究的前景,并呼吁更多的中国心理学工作者投身于行为决策研究。     

西方心理学的马克思主义研究取向评述

当今国外心理学研究的各流派中涌现出了马克思主义新取向。这显示了马克思主义思想要素的影响力及其对心理学科发展的积极贡献,体现出马克思主义新的生命活力和科学创新精神。但同时,心理学的马克思主义取向研究也遇到了巨大的阻抗力量,马克思主义也面临着严峻的考验。当前,如何认识心理学研究中马克思主义的理论资源,在辩证唯物主义精神的指引下推动心理学的研究,是中国心理学界需要进一步研究和解决的重大问题之一。     

From philosopher to psychologist: the early career of Edwin Ray Guthrie, Jr

Edwin R. Guthrie rose to prominence as a psychologist in the 1930s. His theoretical outlook was behavioristic. This approach came from his conviction that an objective method could be applied to a scientific treatment of mind. Prior to becoming a psychologist, he was a philosopher of mathematics. Guthrie was initiated into psychology by Stevenson Smith, from whom he learned a psychology of adjustment informed by comparative research, Columbia functionalism, and clinical psychology. Guthrie's first step into psychology was in collaboration with Smith on Chapters in General Psychology (S. Smith & E.R. Guthrie, 1921). To synthesize their own unique position on learning from the contemporary theory and research, they used the principle of association. This articles focuses on Guthrie's origin and his development into a learning theorist.     

Academic professionalization and protestant reconstruction, 1890-1902: George Albert Coe's psychology of religion

This paper examines the relationship between the New Psychology and American Protestantism in the late nineteenth century through a consideration of the early career of George Albert Coe. Coe originally aspired to become a Methodist minister but after several years studying evolutionary biology and the New Theology his professional interests came to rest on the New Psychology. His decision to pursue a career in psychology and his subsequent research program is discussed in relation to the religious and institutional context of the period. For Coe, the New Psychology was not an ideologically secular initiative but a methodologically secular means of advancing a religious agenda. His experience suggests that the field's growth in the 1890s is partly attributable to the perception that psychology could help bring Protestantism into line with modern experience.     

心理理论研究三十年：回顾与反思

自Premack和Woodruff于1978年提出心理理论至今,心理理论研究已走过了30年的历程。当前心理理论研究已经成为发展心理学、心灵哲学、认知科学所关注的热门课题。文章回顾了心理理论研究的缘起和概念、内容与基本范式、问题与困境,在此基础上反思了心理理论研究困境与解释模型的关系,并对该领域未来研究方向做了展望。