不同加工任务下情绪词的掩蔽重复启动效应

重复可促进信息的加工,人们对一定时间范围内重复出现的刺激能够更快更准的做出反应.本研究采用掩蔽重复启动范式,考察了情绪与非情绪判断任务中积极与消极词的阈下重复所产生的启动效应.结果发现.情绪判断任务下积极词反应优于消极词,并且表现出更大的重复启动效应;而具体抽象判断任务中,非重复启动条件下积极词反应仍优于消极词,但消极词重复产生了更大的启动作用,在启动条件下其反应优于积极词.     

认知和情绪词Flanker任务的冲突效应和冲突适应效应分析

采用词汇flanker任务分析认知和情绪冲突及其冲突适应效应。结果发现,在认知和情绪flanker任务中,相对于目标词与干扰词一致的情况,被试在目标词和干扰词不一致的情况下反应更慢,正确率更低。这表明认知词和情绪词flanker任务都能诱发冲突效应。本研究还发现认知冲突适应效应的存在,但没有发现情绪冲突适应效应,该结果可能与刺激材料的复杂性和范式选取有关。此外,研究还发现,相对于目标刺激是金属的认知词和积极的情绪词,被试对目标刺激是水果的认知词和消极的情绪词反应更快。特别是在目标词与干扰词不一致的情况下,被试对水果词和消极词判断的正确率要显著高于对金属词和积极词的判断。未来的研究需要在刺激和范式的修正上进一步探索,并加强情绪冲突与认知冲突适应效应的关系及其影响因素、神经机制的研究。     

高特质焦虑高中生对消极信息的注意和记忆偏向

研究比较高、低特质焦虑高中生对消极信息的注意和记忆模式。实验一采用情绪Stroop范式,让被试命名不同效价(积极、消极)的颜色词;实验二命被试回忆实验一情绪Stroop任务中出现过的词汇。结果表明,与低特质焦虑高中生相比,高特质焦虑高中生受词汇意义的干扰,在情绪Stroop任务中对颜色词命名速度减缓;在情绪Stroop任务后对消极词的回忆量显著多于对积极词的回忆量。研究推论,高特质焦虑高中生对环境中的消极信息存在记忆偏向,对环境中的任何情绪信息(积极或消极)均存在注意偏向。     

青少年与成年人情绪冲突控制的年龄差异：一项行为和ERP研究（英文）

青春期被喻为“狂风骤雨期”,青少年可能比年幼的儿童和年长的成年人有更大的情绪抑制和控制的需求。情绪抑制控制能力与冒险行为、异常的心理和行为发展有关。本研究采用事件相关电位（ERP）方法探讨青少年与成人之间的情绪冲突控制的差异。31名早期青少年（男生19名;M年龄=12.66岁）和33名成年人（男生16名;M年龄=20.15岁）完成了面孔-词Stroop任务。在该任务中,情绪词叠加在情绪面孔上构成一致和不一致条件,被试被要求判断面孔的效价（面孔任务）或词语的效价（词语任务）。分析两组被试在行为表现和与情绪信息加工相关的ERP成分上的年龄差异。结果表明：（1）青少年在面孔判断任务中存在Stroop效应（一致性条件下的反应时间比不一致条件下的反应时间短）,而对于成年人而言,在面孔和词语判断任务中均发现了Stroop效应;（2）在青少年中,不一致条件诱发的N450波幅显著大于一致条件;（3）N450成分的Stroop效应仅在词语判断任务中出现,而SP成分的Stroop效应仅在面孔判断任务中出现。研究结果提供了神经证据表明,与成人相比,青少年处理情绪冲突的能力较差,这可能与其情绪控制相关的前额叶...     

否定情绪词的具身动态模拟过程

实验1和实验2分别以“（不）+积极/消极情绪词”和“（不）+愤怒/悲伤情绪词”形式的情绪词语或否定短语作为实验材料,分别采取词-图匹配范式和趋近-回避范式,以否定加工的早期（250ms）和中后期（1000ms）两种探测时间,探讨否定对情绪词效价与动机维度加工是否符合否定的两步模拟假设。结果发现,否定情绪效价部分符合否定的两步模拟假设,早期以被否定的情绪状态模拟为主,即不高兴会首先激活高兴;中后期,否定消极词和积极词都被理解为积极;否定情绪动机维度并不符合否定的两步模拟假设,否定对愤怒与悲伤的趋近－回避的影响出现在否定加工中后期,否定改变愤怒的动机方向,由趋近变为回避,却没有改变悲伤的动机方向,悲伤仍表现为回避。本研究证明否定对情绪词的效价和动机维度部分符合两步模拟假设,否定情绪词有其特定的加工过程,各维度加工有所不同。     

自传体记忆的情绪对其相关信息内隐提取的影响

本研究主要考察自传体记忆本身的情绪是否影响该记忆相关信息的内隐提取过程。取大学生15人完成实验, 实验分为两部分：记忆提取和词汇判断。首先在记忆提取阶段, 要求被试根据词对(形容词-中性名词)提取积极、消极和中性情绪色彩的自传体记忆事件。接着在词汇判断任务中, 要求被试对包含提取过记忆的中性名词的词语进行词和非词的判断, 并且记录相应的脑电波。结果发现：(1)被试按要求成功提取了积极、消极和中性三类自传体记忆事件。词汇判断任务中, 内隐提取三类自传体记忆信息的反应时和正确率均无显著差异。(2)相比于积极、中性自传体记忆信息, 消极自传体记忆信息提取的过程中的ERP波幅更大, 更偏向于正向。这表明自传体记忆信息的内隐提取受到记忆本身情绪的影响, 消极自传体记忆信息提取需要付出更多资源。     

大学生负面身体自我认知加工偏好

基于负面身体自我图式理论,采用词汇判断任务的实验范式,探讨负面身体自我者的认知加工偏好。研究1考察胖负面身体自我大学生对胖相关的身体信息词加工偏好,结果表明,加工胖身体相关词的编码速度比对照组显著更快,对胖消极和隐喻词偏好量大于积极词。研究2考察瘦负面身体自我大学生对瘦相关的身体信息词的加工偏好,发现对瘦相关词的编码速度显著比对照组更快,但对瘦积极词、消极词、隐喻词、形似词编码的偏好量不存在差异。结果支持负面身体自我图式指导认知加工     

两种任务下情绪韵律的加工进程

采用ERP技术分别考察了情绪判断和性别判断任务下情绪韵律的加工进程。结果显示：在175-275ms时间段,情绪韵律的加工受实验任务的调节,情绪判断任务下存在效价主效应及负性偏向,愤怒比高兴和中性诱发了更正的P2成分,而性别判断任务则无效价效应。在后期评价加工及反应准备阶段（400-800ms）,两种任务下,愤怒都比高兴和中性诱发了更正的晚成分。上述结果说明,不同情绪韵律的识别存在不同的认知机制,并在一定程度上会受加工任务的调节。     

不同认知方式对词—面孔任务Stroop效应的影响

该研究采用词—面孔Stroop任务,以76名大学生为被试,探讨了不同认知方式（场独立、场依存）对情绪冲突Stroop效应的影响。结果发现：（1）情绪冲突的Stroop效应显著,即,在词—面孔Stroop任务中,当词和面孔的情绪效价一致时,被试的反应时更短,正确率更高。（2）认知方式对情绪冲突Stroop任务的影响显著,表现为无论是一致还是不一致条件下,场独立者比场依存者的反应时都更短。（3）场依存者的情绪冲突Stroop效应更大,表现为其在词—面孔情绪效价一致和不一致条件下的反应时差异更大。     

社会认知中的样例激活效应与内-外群体效应

采用信号检测论技术,以人格词单记忆为实验任务,探讨社会认知过程中样例激活效应与内-外群体效应对记忆过程的干扰作用.实验结果表明,(1)样例激活与群体范畴的交互效应对社会信息加工过程存在显著干扰作用.(2)与外群体相比,内群体的信息加工更不易受到干扰;与积极样例特质相比,消极他相关样例特质的信息加工更不易受到干扰.(3)在加工内群体成员信息而激活的是反面样例时,被试的判断标准最严.     

Not all who stand tall are proud: Gender differences in the proprioceptive effects of upright posture

Research shows that individuals feel and later perform better when given positive feedback in the context of an upright posture, as opposed to a slumped one, even if unaware that their bodily position is meant to express emotion. We sought to determine whether proprioceptive feedback from body postures operate differently for women and men. Participants received success feedback when in either an upright or slumped posture, which was covertly manipulated. Results showed that for men the effects of posture were intuitive and appropriate: receiving success feedback while upright enhanced performance self-ratings. In contrast, after adopting an upright posture, women went on after success feedback to perform more poorly and make more negative self-ratings, than after adopting a slumped posture. A number of theories are offered as potential explanations for this gender effect.     

身体姿势的心理效应：基于具身视角

具身视角下，姿势可以对心理产生影响。梳理了广受关注的“直立”和“蜷曲”、“扩张”和“收缩”、“水平”和“垂直”等姿势的效应研究成果，并对神经肌肉反馈理论、自我知觉理论、情境认知理论等姿势效应的内在机制进行总结和评价。指出在实验范式、姿势控制、效应稳定性以及深层机制探析等方面存在的局限和未来方向，认为姿势效应的神经机制、时程变化、个体差异及姿势的心理调节功能等将会成为研究热点。     

What's up? Emotion-specific activation of vertical space during language processing

The relationship between language processing and vertical space has been shown for various groups of words including valence words, implicit location words, and words referring to religious concepts. However, it remains unclear whether these are single phenomena or whether there is an underlying common mechanism. Here, we show that the evaluation of word valence interacts with motor responses in the vertical dimension, with positive (negative) evaluations facilitating upward (downward) responses. When valence evaluation was not required, implicit location words (e.g., bird, shoe) influenced motor responses whereas valence words (e.g., kiss, hate) did not. Importantly, a subset of specific emotional valence words that are commonly associated with particular bodily postures (e.g., proud → upright; sad → slouched) did automatically influence motor responses. Together, this suggests that while the vertical spatial dimension is not directly activated by word valence, it is activated when processing words referring to emotional states with stereotypical bodily-postures. These results provide strong evidence that the activation of spatial associations during language processing is experience-specific in nature and cannot be explained with reference to a general mapping between all valence words and space (i.e., all positive and negative words generally relate to spatial processing). These findings support the experiential view of language comprehension, suggesting that the automatic reactivation of bodily experiences is limited to word groups referring to emotions or entities directly associated with spatial experiences (e.g., posture or location in the world).     

具身模拟程度和具体性对词语效价表征的影响

采用词性判断和启动加工任务考察具身模拟程度和具体性对词语效价具身表征的影响。结果发现,在具身模拟程度低的空间表征中,只有敏感的负性词出现了效价和远近距离的相容效应;在模拟程度高的趋避表征中,正性词和负性词都与趋避动作产生了相容效应,并且具体词的效价和趋避表征之间的联结强于抽象词。     

Implicit influence of affective postures on the perception of others: you can't show me how I feel

This study examined how one's own posture influences the perception of another's posture in a task with implicit affective information. In 2 experiments, participants assumed or viewed a body posture and then compared that posture with a viewed posture. They were not told that postures varied in affective valence: positive, negative, neutral-abstract, or neutral-meaningful. Posture affect influenced both accuracy and response time measures of posture discrimination. Participants were slower and less accurate for targets that matched an assumed posture, but only for affective postures. This pattern did not hold for matching affectively neutral postures (meaningful or not), nonmatching postures, or for purely visual comparisons. These results are consistent with both cognitive embodiment theories postulating that personal body posture influences the perception of other's postures and emotional embodiment theories postulating sensorimotor and emotional simulation processes that create correspondences between one's own and another's emotional postures. Nonetheless, these findings differ from studies finding facilitation for explicit emotional judgments of affective congruence. People use different information depending on task requirements. The assumption of an affective posture may activate simulations of personal emotional experiences that may, in turn, serve to differentiate personal posture perception from ostensibly the same posture in another person.     

认知负载对基于动机的情绪刺激加工的影响

结合数数任务和情绪flanker任务,探究不同认知负载条件下,高低趋近动机对情绪刺激加工的影响。结果发现：高负载组中,高趋近动机条件下,对积极目标刺激的反应显著快于消极目标刺激;低趋近动机条件下,对消极目标刺激的反应显著快于积极目标刺激。且高负载组中,各条件下的反应大多都显著慢于低负载组。低负载组中没有发现各条件之间的差异。结果表明,高负载条件下,高趋近动机促进了积极情绪刺激的加工,低趋近动机促进了消极情绪刺激的加工,高负载在一定程度上阻碍了情绪刺激的加工。     

认知负载对基于动机的情绪刺激加工的影响

结合数数任务和情绪flanker任务,探究不同认知负载条件下,高低趋近动机对情绪刺激加工的影响。结果发现：高负载组中,高趋近动机条件下,对积极目标刺激的反应显著快于消极目标刺激;低趋近动机条件下,对消极目标刺激的反应显著快于积极目标刺激。且高负载组中,各条件下的反应大多都显著慢于低负载组。低负载组中没有发现各条件之间的差异。结果表明,高负载条件下,高趋近动机促进了积极情绪刺激的加工,低趋近动机促进了消极情绪刺激的加工,高负载在一定程度上阻碍了情绪刺激的加工。     

Immediate emotion-enhanced memory dependent on arousal and valence: The role of automatic and controlled processing

The phenomenon that emotional stimuli are better remembered than neutral ones is called emotion-enhanced memory (EEM). Previous studies have shown that both valence and arousal of stimuli contributed to EEM. Kensinger and Corkin (2004) proposed that the EEM dependent on arousal was associated with automatic encoding processes, whereas the EEM dependent on valence was associated with controlled encoding processes. Their experiment with negative words provided some evidence for this associative pattern. However, it is unclear whether the observed association that occurred with negative emotional stimuli could be replicated with positive emotional stimuli. To further examine this issue, two experiments were conducted to investigate the immediate EEM of emotional words in three different attention conditions using a divided attention (DA) paradigm. Results indicated that the immediate EEM dependent on valence was associated with controlled processing, while the immediate EEM dependent on arousal was not always associated with automatic processing. The immediate EEM dependent on arousal for negative stimuli was associated with automatic processing, whereas the immediate EEM dependent on arousal for positive stimuli was associated with controlled processing. Therefore, the immediate EEM dependent on arousal, whether it is associated with automatic or controlled processing, is moderated by the valence of stimuli.