内隐序列学习中转移组块的数量和位置效应

表征质量理论对意识增长持渐进观点,忽视新异刺激对意识的突变式影响;新异刺激理论强调意识突变,忽视新异刺激本身的表征质量增长。本研究采用经典确定性内隐序列学习范式,将转移组块作为新异刺激,操控其数量和位置,探究新异刺激如何通过表征质量来影响内隐学习和意识。结果表明：（1）数量效应显著,即两个转移组块更能促进内隐学习量,说明新异刺激本身需要足够的表征质量才能发挥“意外事件”的作用。（2）在位置效应上,两个转移组块且靠前的设置更能提高受控意识,表明第一个新异刺激必须出现在原序列初级表征质量阶段,才能使被试对新异刺激和原序列进行对比,加之第二个新异刺激的与之呼应,促进原序列意识增加。     

七氟醚与氯胺酮做基础麻醉在婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂手术中的应用比较

为了寻找婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂手术比较理想的基础麻醉方式,将该类手术患儿60例随机均分为氯胺酮肌肉注射基础麻醉组（K组）和高浓度七氟醚吸入基础麻醉组（S组）。患儿入手术室后常规监测生命体征,记录其哭闹时间、睫毛反射消失时间和疼痛反射消失时间,观察基础麻醉期间患儿的合作情况和有无并发症的发生。术后随访并发症的发生情况。S组与K组患儿相比,哭闹时间、睫毛反射时间、疼痛反射消失时间均显著缩短。K组患儿基础麻醉期间发生的并发症明显多于S组,且．术后呕吐的发生率亦显著高于S组。因此,高浓度七氟醚吸入做基础麻醉是婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂手术时较为理想的基础麻醉方式。     

七氟醚与氯胺酮做基础麻醉在婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂手术中的应用比较

为了寻找婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂手术比较理想的基础麻醉方式,将该类手术患儿60例随机均分为氯胺酮肌肉注射基础麻醉组(K组)和高浓度七氟醚吸入基础麻醉组(S组).患儿入手术室后常规监测生命体征,记录其哭闹时间、睫毛反射消失时间和疼痛反射消失时间,观察基础麻醉期间惠儿的合作情况和有无并发症的发生.术后随访并发症的发生情况.S组与K组患儿相比,哭闹时间、睫毛反射时间、疼痛反射消失时间均显著缩短.K组惠儿基础麻醉期间发生的并发症明显多于S组,且术后呕吐的发生率亦显著高于S组.因此,高浓度七氟醚吸入做基础麻醉是婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂手术时较为理想的基础麻醉方式.     

选择性注意对听觉内隐学习的影响

内隐学习被认为是人类无意识、无目的获得复杂规则的自动化过程。已有研究表明, 在人工语法学习范式下, 视觉内隐学习的发生需要选择性注意。为了考察选择性注意对内隐学习的影响是否具有通道特异性, 本研究以90名大学生为被试, 以人工语法为学习任务, 采用双耳分听技术, 在听觉通道同时呈现具有不同规则的字母序列和数字序列, 考查被试在听觉刺激下对注意序列和未注意序列构成规则的习得情况。结果发现：只有选择注意的序列规则被习得, 未选择注意的序列规则未能被习得。研究表明：在人工语法学习范式下, 只有选择注意的刺激维度能够发生内隐学习。选择性注意对内隐学习的影响具有跨通道的适用性, 不仅适用于视觉刺激, 也同样适用于听觉刺激。     

内隐知识具有抽象性吗?——来自内隐序列学习迁移的证据

内隐知识是否具有抽象和概括性,已有研究有着不同的争议,而迁移是检验习得知识是否具有抽象性的有效手段。探索RSI从0 ms至1000 ms中5种条件下内隐序列学习的迁移差异,并试图证实随着RSI的变化,迁移发生从无到有的变化,以迁移来证明内隐知识的抽象性。结果发现:随着RSI的增加,迁移出现了从无到有的质变,证明了内隐知识可具有抽象性;内隐序列学习效应和转移组段的新异刺激效应共同促进了迁移的产生,纯粹的内隐序列学习是产生迁移的必要非充分条件,转移组段(新异刺激)则加速促进了内隐知识的学习;本实验条件下产生的不可知但可迁移的内隐知识具有边缘意识特点。     

关于内隐学习和实验研究

内隐学习是直觉地获得复杂环境刺激知识的过程,它产生抽象的、无法言表的、表征刺激内部结构的知识。这种知识能在没有意识努力的情况下理想地获得,可用于在新的情景中解决问题和准确决策。 Reber(1965,1967)提出内隐学习(Implicit Learning)术语来表示人们怎样直觉地获得复杂环境刺激的内在结构的知识,他指出内隐学习是:1,一种无意识过程,2,产生抽象的内隐知识,内隐知识是归纳刺激内在结构的抽象表征的结果,不需要有意识的,思考性的学习策略。此后,Reber、Allen、Regan等人研究认为:内隐学习是一个普遍的过程;是发展抽象的、无法言表的知识的基本过程;这些知识可用于内隐地解决问题、在新异的环境中作出决策,此外,它还涉及到各种认识论课题。国内有连淑芳(1990)语族相似性影响内隐学习及内隐与外显过程的相互关系的研究,杨治良(1990)对内隐学习效果、反应偏向、回忆效应的研究。本文试图介绍内隐学习的研究成果、现状、新的研究方向及有关争论。     

内隐学习策略的存在及其外显转化

该研究采用＂乘法算式答案正误判断的实验室任务＂,以＂奇偶检查策略＂为具体策略研究对象,探查内隐奇偶检查策略的存在及其自动性特征。实验结果表明：（1）奇偶检查策略可以以内隐方式存在,但经过不断练习可最终上升到意识层面;（2）奇偶检查策略的外显和内隐使用表现出各自独立的优势效应。外显学习策略的优势效应主要表现在正确算式判断任务中,而内隐学习策略则在错误算式判断任务中表现出＂内隐优势效应＂的趋势;（3）内隐奇偶检查策略的人为外显化并不能促使个体增加使用该策略的频率,也不能有效提高策略的执行效率。     

非临床抑郁个体内隐心境一致性记忆的意识加工和无意识加工的差异：一项ERP研究

以情绪面孔为刺激材料,采用改进的内隐知觉记忆测验任务,考察非临床抑郁个体在内隐心境一致性记忆的意识加工和无意识加工差异。结果发现：在150ms—200ms时间窗内隐记忆的无意识和意识加工过程存在重叠现象。在250ms—350ms时间窗个体就表现出了意识加工过程和无意识加工过程的分离现象,并且非临床抑郁组的无意识加工过程存在负性心境一致性记忆偏向。在400ms-800ms时间窗内,两组被试均表现出无意识加工过程中存在负性心境一致性记忆偏向。表明在250ms-350ms,非临床抑郁个体内隐记忆的无意识加工过程存在缺陷,表现出负性心境一致性记忆偏向。     

内隐序列学习意识的具身机制

内隐序列学习意识已有三类理论如全局工作平台理论、神经可塑性理论、新异刺激理论都忽略了身体感受的关键因素, 难以揭示意识产生的根本原因。具身意识理论和研究发现, 运动/情感镜像神经元系统及与自我、认知控制系统的交互, 是初级/高级意识产生的本源, 但未涉及内隐序列学习规则意识这个对人类学习认知至关重要的领域。内隐序列学习研究实质上已接近揭示其学习机制正是感知觉运动具身学习, 其意识机制很可能是感知觉运动/情感具身意识, 并且其意识加工脑区与具身意识脑区有关键重合。未来研究可采用Granger因果大脑网络技术证明内隐序列学习意识的具身本源, 并考察已有三类意识理论的具身基础, 以及探索意识影响因素的具身机制。     

汉字字组时间顺序的内隐记忆研究

采用再认与偏好测验的内隐记忆方法,以文字相同而字序不同的三类汉字字组为刺激材料,对汉字字组进行启动效应的实验研究,探讨汉字字组内隐的时间顺序表征存在的可能性及其加工特点。结果表明：汉字字组中字与字之间存在内隐的时间顺序表征,这种内隐的时间顺序表征是对刺激项目知觉特征中时间维度的一种反映,受知觉表征系统支配,具有自动加工和提取的特点。     

Effects of pointing compared with naming and observing during encoding on item and source memory in young and older adults

Research showed that source memory functioning declines with ageing. Evidence suggests that encoding visual stimuli with manual pointing in addition to visual observation can have a positive effect on spatial memory compared with visual observation only. The present study investigated whether pointing at picture locations during encoding would lead to better spatial source memory than naming (Experiment 1) and visual observation only (Experiment 2) in young and older adults. Experiment 3 investigated whether response modality during the test phase would influence spatial source memory performance. Experiments 1 and 2 supported the hypothesis that pointing during encoding led to better source memory for picture locations than naming or observation only. Young adults outperformed older adults on the source memory but not the item memory task in both Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants manually responded in the test phase. Experiment 3 showed that if participants had to verbally respond in the test phase, the positive effect of pointing compared with naming during encoding disappeared. The results suggest that pointing at picture locations during encoding can enhance spatial source memory in both young and older adults, but only if the response modality is congruent in the test phase.     

提取干扰对不同类型内隐记忆的影响

以往研究关于提取阶段的干扰是否会影响内隐记忆存在着异义, 其中一个重要因素可能源于所采用的内隐记忆测验类型的差异。本研究采用学习-测验范式, 通过4个实验, 分别考察了提取干扰对识别式知觉内隐测验、识别式概念内隐测验、产生式知觉内隐测验和产生式概念内隐测验的影响, 以期对提取干扰和内隐记忆之间的关系有着更全面的了解。结果表明: (1)词汇判断任务(识别式知觉)和语义分类任务(识别式概念)的启动效应在提取干扰下消失了, (2)而产生式词汇判断任务(产生式知觉)和产生式语义分类任务(产生式概念)在提取干扰下仍发现了明显的启动效应, 但与无干扰条件相比, 启动效应量也有着明显的减少。由此可见, 不同类型的内隐记忆都会受到提取干扰的影响, 相比于产生式启动, 识别式启动更容易受到提取干扰的破坏。     

价值-项目间隔和项目呈现时间对价值导向元记忆的影响*

采用选择性任务范式,用2个实验考察价值-项目间隔和项目呈现时长对价值导向元记忆的影响。实验1考察不同价值-项目间隔（无, 1s, 2s）时被试的选择性记忆指标SI和记忆成绩。结果发现,随价值-项目间隔增加,被试的记忆选择性逐渐下降,间隔1s时对高价值项目的选择性仍存在,但间隔2s时消失;实验2选取实验1的两种价值-项目间隔（无, 1s）条件,延长其项目呈现时间至4.5s,考察项目呈现时间对价值导向元记忆的影响。结果发现,两种价值-项目间隔条件下记忆选择性水平（SI）均显著降低,但对高价值项目的选择性加工优势并没消失。结论：价值导向元记忆受价值-项目间隔和项目呈现时间的影响。     

奖赏与自我加工对记忆的影响

【摘 要】目的:从外显和内隐层面探讨奖赏与自我加工对记忆的影响。方法：以大学生为被试,以人格形容词为实验材料,采用R/K范式,测量被试对识记词语的记忆效果。结果：（1）外显记忆层面,奖赏与自我加工均促进了记忆效果;（2）在内隐记忆层面,自我存在记忆的加工优势,但是没有发现奖赏加工对记忆的影响。结论：自我相关刺激促进了内隐和外显记忆的加工,奖赏刺激只对外显记忆有影响,实验结果支持独立平行模型,即在不同记忆层面,奖赏加工与自我参照加工存在不同加工机制。     

内隐记忆和外显记忆的脑机制分离：面孔再认的ERP研究

该研究采用“学习-再认”实验范式探讨面孔领域的内隐记忆与外显记忆之间的关系。学习阶段采用选择性注意任务,让被试加工面孔上的字来控制对面孔的加工水平,再认阶段采用新旧判断,分析再认出旧面孔与新面孔(外显记忆),以及未再认旧面孔与新面孔(内隐记忆)的ERPs差异。结果表明,在单一的再认过程中,外显记忆和内隐记忆的脑机制产生了分离,外显记忆从刺激后400ms开始,主要表现在前额区和额区,而内隐记忆主要表现在刺激后300~500ms的中央区和顶区。该结果与以往在词领域研究中得到的结果极为类似,表明两种记忆类型在各个刺激领域之间存在着共同性     

The effect of childhood bilingualism on episodic and semantic memory tasks

Kormi-Nouri, Moniri and Nilsson (2003) demonstrated that Swedish-Persian bilingual children recalled at a higher level than Swedish monolingual children, when they were tested using Swedish materials. The present study was designed to examine the bilingual advantage of children who use different languages in their everyday life but have the same cultural background and live in their communities in the same way as monolingual children. In four experiments, 488 monolingual and bilingual children were compared with regard to episodic and semantic memory tasks. In experiments 1 and 2 there were 144 boys and 144 girls in three school groups (aged 9-10 years, 13-14 years and 16-17 years) and in three language groups (Persian monolingual, Turkish-Persian bilingual, and Kurdish-Persian bilingual). In experiments 3 and 4, there were 200 male students in two school groups (aged 9-10 years and 16-17 years) and in two language groups (Persian monolingual and Turkish-Persian bilingual). In the episodic memory task, children learned sentences (experiments 1-3) and words (Experiment 4). Letter and category fluency tests were used as measures of semantic memory. To change cognitive demands in memory tasks, in Experiment 1, the integration of nouns and verbs within sentences was manipulated by the level of association between verb and noun in each sentence. At retrieval, a recognition test was used. In experiments 2 and 3, the organization between sentences was manipulated at encoding in Experiment 2 and at both encoding and retrieval in Experiment 3 through the use of categories among the objects. At retrieval, free recall or cued recall tests were employed. In Experiment 4, the bilingual children were tested with regard to both their first and their second language. In all four experiments, a positive effect of bilingualism was found on episodic and semantic memory tasks; the effect was more pronounced for older than younger children. The bilingual advantage was not affected by changing cognitive demands or by using first/second language in memory tasks. The present findings support the cross-language interactivity hypothesis of bilingual advantage.     

A comparison of Chinese and American memories for public events

Memory for public events was compared across Chinese and U.S. participants to explore competing explanations for cultural differences in flashbulb memories. Participant recall of the canonical features of events was more detailed and more likely to include a specific time in the United States than in the Chinese reports. Vividness was positively correlated with the flashbulb memory scores only in the U.S. sample. In both cultures, emotion, national importance, and thinking about the event predicted vividness and recall of memory details. Chinese participants reported primarily disasters and social events, and their memories were more likely to include international events than U.S. participants. The U.S. participants recalled primarily political events and terrorism. These results suggest that culture has important influences on the quantity, level of detail, completeness, and vividness of autobiographical memories as well as on the types of events triggering flashbulb memories.     

Visual associations to retrieve episodic memory across healthy elderly,mild cognitive impairment,and patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Episodic memory tests need to determine the degree to which patients with moderate to severe memory deficits can still benefit from retrieval support. Especially in the case of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), this may support health care to be more closely aligned with patients’ memory capacities. We investigated whether the different measures of episodic memory of the Visual Association Test-Extended (VAT-E) can provide a more detailed and informative assessment on memory disturbances across a broad range of cognitive decline, from normal to severe impairment as seen in AD, by examining differences in floor effects. The VAT-E consists of 24 pairs of black-and-white line drawings. In a within-group design, we compared score distributions of VAT-E subtests in healthy elderly controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD (n = 144), as well as in relation to global cognitive impairment. Paired associate recall showed a floor effect in 41% of MCI patients and 62% of AD patients. Free recall showed a floor effect in 73% of MCI patients and 84% of AD patients. Multiple-choice cued recognition did not show a floor effect in either of the patient groups. We conclude that the VAT-E covers a broad range of episodic memory decline in patients. As expected, paired associate recall was of intermediate difficulty, free recall was most difficult, and multiple-choice cued recognition was least difficult for patients. These varying levels of difficulty enable a more accurate determination of the level of retrieval support that can still benefit patients across a broad range of cognitive decline.     

图形项目记忆与位置来源提取的ERP研究

采用事件相关电位（ERP）方法研究大学生图形项目记忆与位置来源提取新/旧效应的时、空分布特征。学习屏幕左侧（或右侧）呈现的图形后在屏幕中央呈现某一测验项目（已学图形或新图形）,对受试者进行两类测验：其一是判断该项目是否已学过;其二是将从某侧学过的测验项目判断为目标,而将其它测验项目判断为非目标的来源测验（排除任务）。实验结果表明：图形位置来源提取比项目再认新/旧效应的头皮分布更广,持续时程更长;与前人相同实验范式的研究结果相比,本研究位置来源提取效应的头皮分布范围较广;非目标-旧图形与目标图形新/旧效应的头皮激活程度不同。上述结果说明：图形位置来源提取比项目再认激活的大脑区域更多,这与双重加工模型的观点一致;实验范式和来源知觉的特性共同调节来源记忆新/旧效应的时、空分布特征;意识水平对来源信息提取的新/旧效应存在一定的影响     

The role of language in memory for actions

Languages differ with respect to how aspects of motion events tend to be lexicalized. English typically conflates MOTION with MANNER, but Japanese and Spanish typically do not. We report a set of experiments that assessed the effect of this cross-linguistic difference on participants' decisions in a similarity-judgment task about scenes containing novel animations as stimuli. In Experiment 1, which required participants to encode the stimuli briefly into memory, we observed a language effect; in Experiment 2, which required participants to analyze the same stimuli, but not remember them, the language effect disappeared. Hence, these experiments reveal a task-dependent effect, which, we argue, points to working memory as the source of the language effect observed in Experiment 1 and, potentially, other experiments that have shown a linguistic relativity effect.