Market epistemology

Synthese - According to Margaret Gilbert’s collective epistemology, we should take attributions of beliefs to groups seriously, rather than metaphorically or as reducible to individual...     

Market Equality and Social Freedom

ABSTRACT Conflicts between the good of each and the good of all are often presented in terms of freedom versus equality, with liberals pulled one way by libertarians and the other by social democrats. When we distinguish between negative and positive notions not only of freedom but also of equality, the liberal freedom 'to pursue our own good in our own way'is a positive freedom involving a negative idea of equality (or 'equity'). Yet 'equity'is not strong enough to deal with the problem of public goods. Trust is a public good, essential if markets are to work and dependable only where there is a moral commitment to a positive basic equality among citizens.     

儒家伦理与市场经济

日本、韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾的市场经济发展,客观上表明了儒家伦理与市场经济存在着内在的相关性.这一内在的相关性主要是什么,学者们的见解见仁见智.有些学者从否定的角度探讨了儒家伦理对于市场经济的消极作用,例如"君子无所争"、"和为贵"与市场经济竞争意识的相互矛盾;有些学者则从肯定的角度探讨了儒家伦理对于市场经济的积极作用,例如"节用爱人"、"言而有信"与市场经济秩序的相互和谐.这些探讨具有重要意义,因为儒家伦理的具体内容(范畴和命题)与市场经济确实存在着相互关联;但也有局限,因为它们总是纠缠于对立命题的争论,并且也难以体现出儒家伦理与市场经济的"特有"关联(例如儒家伦理重视"诚信",新教伦理同样重视"信用").因此,从新的角度探讨儒家伦理与市场经济的内在相关性就非常必要.本文试图超越儒家伦理的具体内容,立足于整体结构,从其内在张力出发,阐述儒家伦理与市场经济的相互关系.     

从道德与法律的相互关系看市场活动的道德调节

把依法治国与以德治国紧密结合起来 ,是建设有中国特色社会主义的内在需要 ,也是社会主义市场经济发展的内在需要。因此 ,在对市场活动加强法律规范的同时 ,也应当重视道德调节。市场活动的道德调节体现在市场活动的各个环节 (生产、交换、分配、消费 )上并通过市场机制发生作用。市场活动的道德调节还包括对市场活动主体价值取向的引导 ,以促进市场活动主体德性品性的完善     

How the Market Became Divine

We have moved beyond a “market economy” to what some have called a “market society,” one in which everything seems to be for sale. We also now see the advent of a “market religion,” in which the values and life meanings of consumer culture have become dominant. This new religion has its own doctrines, rituals, priesthood, and mission to “go into all the world.” It has its own narratives of creation, fall, and redemption, and its own saints and heroes. But because its underlying thrust is endless growth, and we live on a finite planet, it is carrying us toward destruction. Some parts of Christianity are opposing what Pope Francis has called “idolatry,” but unfortunately most parts are being swept into its new dispensation.     

Volenti goes to Market*

If free markets consist in nothing more than “capitalist acts between consenting adults,” and if in the old legal maxim “volenti non fit injuria,” then it seems to follow that free markets do no wrongs. But that defense of free markets wrenches the “volenti” maxim out of context. In common law adjudication of disputes between two parties, it is perfectly appropriate to cast standards of “volenti” narrowly, and largely ignore “duress via third parties” (wrongs done to or by others who are not themselves party to the action). In economic markets, of course, those third-party effects are rife. But we want them to be rectified systematically, not piecemeal through particular cases between particular parties that happen to come to court. That is the proper province of political philosophers and system-designers, in critiquing and constraining the operation of the market. * I thank Peter Cane for much good advice, and exonerate him from any blame for the use I have made of it.     

规范市场:道德建设的必由之路

发展市场经济与道德建设具有内在的一致性。发展市场经济必须规范市场 ,而商品作为价值与使用价值的统一 ,它所具有的利己与利他的伦理二重性也必须在规范市场中得以实现 ;现实内涵发展着的为人民服务 ,既是干部为人民和人民为人民的双主体服务 ,也是利己与利他相统一的服务 ,这种双向服务也只能在规范市场中展开、完成。所以 ,规范市场是以达到利己与利他相统一为目的的道德建设的必由之路     

Anchoring in Simulated Competitive Market Negotiation

The competitive market simulation (Bazerman, Magliozzi, & Neale, 1985) was used to explore anchoring effects in negotiation. Two possible anchoring effects were examined in the present study. One effect involved the profit schedule format; although individual profit schedules for buyers and sellers were normatively equivalent, in most previous studies the buyer's schedule was presented in decreasing order, whereas the seller's schedule was increasing. Anchoring on the first number in the profit list would contribute to the buyer's advantage, often found in this research. The effect of schedule format was tested here by running a separate simulation with inverted formats. As predicted, the relative advantage of buyers over sellers reversed with the change in profit schedule format. The second anchoring effect involved the initial offers. In running the simulated market, initial offers were recorded as well the initiator's assigned role. Initial offer values, for both the initiator and the non-initiator significantly affected final profit. The impact of schedule format on final agreement appeared mostly due to its effect on initial offers. Finally, the role of experience was examined. As in Bazermanet al.(1985), joint profit increased with learning. The increase stemmed from improved value of the initial offer from the perspective of the non-initiator. The results provided no indication of a decline in format schedule effect or in the major impact of initial offers, as negotiators gain experience. The implications of results concerning the role of anchoring in negotiation are discussed.     

慈善组织、政府与市场

尽管在中国历史上,有慈善的思想,在近代,随着西方传教士的出现,出现了慈善机构.但是有现代特征的慈善机构,包含综合了中西方文化精髓和管理方式的慈善机构,却是近些年的事情.本文试图搞清慈善组织的独特的作用与特征,理顺慈善机构和其他方面发展的相互作用和关系.利用西方的经验与理论,特别是英国的例子,来帮助阐述中国的慈善组织.     

医药产业、市场与人

技术进步能否增进人类的福祉,可能有因人而已的答案.在这种背景下,与人类生存息息相关的医药产业疯狂进步与扩张是以人为中心的还是以利益为中心的,医学的人类关怀为中心的道德准则是否受到商业利益的影响.本文对这些问题进行了分析和探讨,并指出医学应当在新形势结合本民族对福祉的理解保持为人服务的本质.     

论农村卫生服务的内部市场

市场性是农村卫生服务的特征之一,而另一特证--"内部性"却被普通忽略,这导致了把农村卫生服务的市场性推向极端.确立并构建农村卫生服务内部市场,将使卫生院方补偿机制、员工分配机制以及卫生院的积累方式发生变化,对农村卫生院的运行产生根本性的影响.     

中国股市的伦理审视

中国股市的存在和发展具有伦理价值 ,但也存在严重的伦理问题 :信用沦丧 ,作假泛滥 ,黑庄横行 ,违规严重 ,公正缺失 ,侵权严重 ,是股市中败德行为的突出表现。股市本质上是一个信用市场 ,需要伦理的规范和引导。中国股市的健全发展 ,必须弘扬和确立诚信、公正、尊重财产权等伦理精神。     

论农村卫生服务的内部市场

市场性是农村卫生服务的特征之一,而另一特证———“内部性”却被普通忽略,这导致了把农村卫生服务的市场性推向极端。确立并构建农村卫生服务内部市场,将使卫生院方补偿机制、员工分配机制以及卫生院的积累方式发生变化,对农村卫生院的运行产生根本性的影响。